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Endnotes

Australian Sports Commission is determined to have more Australians participating and excelling in sport, from grass-roots right up to the pinnacle of elite competition.

Endnotes

  1. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, International Charter of Physical Education, Physical Activity and Sport (21 November 1978) art 1; Universal Declaration of Human Rights, GA Res 217A (III), UN GAOR, 3rd sess, 183rd plen mtg, UN Doc A/810 (10 December 1948) art 24; International Olympic Committee, Olympic Charter (entered into force 9 October 2018) 11.
  2. Universal Declaration of Human Rights, GA Res 217A (III), UN GAOR, 3rd sess, 183rd plen mtg, UN Doc A/810 (10 December 1948) art 1.
  3. The members of the Coalition of Major Professional and Participation Sports (COMPPS) are the Australian Football League, Rugby Australia, Cricket Australia, Football Federation Australia, the National Rugby League, Netball Australia, and Tennis Australia.
  4. Department of Health, ‘Sport 2030: Participation, Performance, Integrity, Industry’ (2018) 21 <https://www.ausport.gov.au/nationalsportplan/home/second_row_content/have_a_say2/Sport_2030_-_National_Sport_Plan_-_2018.pdf>.
  5. All of the quotes included in the Guidelines are from consultation participants.
  6. Caroline Symons et al, 'The Impact of Homophobic Bullying during Sport and Physical Education Participation on Same-Sex-Attracted and Gender-Diverse You Australians' Depression and Anxiety Levels ("The Equal Play Study")' (March 2014) <https://www.beyondblue.org.au/docs/default-source/research-project-files/bw0236.pdf?sfvrsn=2, opens in a new tab>.
  7. Australian Human Rights Commission, ‘Resilient individuals: Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity & Intersex Rights’ (National Consultation Report, 2015) <https://www.humanrights.gov.au/our-work/sexual-orientation-gender-identity-intersex-status/publications/resilient-individuals, opens in a new tab>.
  8. Australian Human Rights Commission, ‘Resilient individuals: Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity & Intersex Rights’ (National Consultation Report, 2015) 21 <https://www.humanrights.gov.au/our-work/sexual-orientation-gender-identity-intersex-status/publications/resilient-individuals, opens in a new tab>.
  9. Sex Discrimination Act 1984 (Cth) s 48(ga).
  10. See section 4.8 for further information about state and territory anti-discrimination legislation.
  11. Sex Discrimination Act 1984 (Cth) s 4(1) (definition of ‘gender identity’).
  12. The definition used is based on the definition in Queerspace (Drummond Street Services), Working with Gender Diverse Young People and their Families (26 April 2017) 5 <https://aifs.gov.au/cfca/2017/04/26/join-conversation-working-gender-diverse-young-people-and-their-families, opens in a new tab>.
  13. Sex Discrimination Act 1984 (Cth) s 4(1) (definition of ‘intersex status’).
  14. Chris Sidoti and Jack Byrne, ‘Promoting and Protecting Human Rights in relation to Sexual Orientation. Gender Identity and Sex Characteristics: A Manual for National Human Rights Institutions’ (Report, Asia Pacific Forum, June 2016) 13 <http://www.asiapacificforum.net/resources/manual-sogi-and-sex-charactersitics/, opens in a new tab>.
  15. For further guidance see Victorian Government, Inclusive Language Guide (11 August 2016) <https://www.vic.gov.au/equality/inclusive-language-guide.html, opens in a new tab>.
  16. Sex Discrimination Act 1984 (Cth) ss 5(1), 5B(1).
  17. Sex Discrimination Act 1984 (Cth) ss 5(2), 5B(2), 7B.
  18. Sex Discrimination Act 1984 (Cth) s 7B(2).
  19. Sex Discrimination Act 1984 (Cth) s 22(1).
  20. Sex Discrimination Act 1984 (Cth) s 25.
  21. Sex Discrimination Act 1984 (Cth) s 27.
  22. Sex Discrimination Act 1984 (Cth) s 4(1) (definition of ‘club’).
  23. Sex Discrimination Act 1984 (Cth) s 22(1)(a).
  24. Sex Discrimination Act 1984 (Cth) s 22(1)(b).
  25. Sex Discrimination Act 1984 (Cth) s 22(1)(c).
  26. Sex Discrimination Act 1984 (Cth) ss 25(1), 25(2).
  27. Sex Discrimination Act 1984 (Cth) s 22.
  28. Sex Discrimination Act 1984 (Cth) s 25(1).
  29. Sex Discrimination Act 1984 (Cth) s 25(2).
  30. Sex Discrimination Act 1984 (Cth) s 27(1).
  31. Sex Discrimination Act 1984 (Cth) s 27(2).
  32. Sex Discrimination Act 1984 (Cth) s 7D(1).
  33. Jacomb v Australian Municipal Clerical and Services Union (2004) FCR 149, 168.
  34. Australian Human Rights Commission, Guidelines: Special measures under the Sex Discrimination Act 1984 (Cth) (Guidelines, November 2018) <https://www.humanrights.gov.au/our-work/sex-discrimination/publications/guidelines-special-measures-under-sex-discrimination-act, opens in a new tab >.
  35. Sex Discrimination Act 1984 (Cth) s 44. A temporary exemption is not available in relation to the Act’s sexual harassment or victimisation provisions.
  36. Sex Discrimination Act 1984 (Cth) s 39.
  37. Sex Discrimination Act 1984 (Cth) s 4(1) (definition of ‘voluntary body’).
  38. Sex Discrimination Act 1984 (Cth) s 4(1) (definition of ‘voluntary body’).
  39. Sex Discrimination Act 1984 (Cth) s 4(1) (definition of ‘registered organisation’).
  40. Sex Discrimination Act 1984 (Cth) s 25(3).
  41. The words ’women’ and ‘men’ are used in the Act. However, in the context of this provision they should be understood in terms of sex.
  42. Sex Discrimination Act 1984 (Cth) s 25(4).
  43. Sex Discrimination Act 1984 (Cth) s 25(5).
  44. Sex Discrimination Act 1984 (Cth) s 42.
  45. Sex Discrimination Act 1984 (Cth) s 42(1).
  46. Taylor and others v Moorabbin Saints Junior Football League and another [2004] VCAT 158 (17 February 2004) [19]–[20].
  47. Ferneley v Boxing Authority of New South Wales (2001) 115 FCR 306, 323–324.
  48. Explanatory Memorandum, Sex Discrimination Amendment (Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Intersex Status) Bill 2013 (Cth) 6.
  49. Explanatory Memorandum, Sex Discrimination Amendment (Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Intersex Status) Bill 2013 (Cth) 6.
  50. The Act allows for sporting activities to be prescribed by Parliament as exempt. There are currently no prescribed activities.
  51. Sex Discrimination Act 1984 (Cth) s 42(2).
  52. Australian Human Rights Commission, Temporary exemptions under the Sex Discrimination Act 1984 (Cth): Commission Guidelines (2009) <https://www.humanrights.gov.au/temporary-exemptions-under-sex-discrimination-act-1984-cth>.
  53. Sex Discrimination Act 1984 (Cth) s 44(3).
  54. Sex Discrimination Act 1984 (Cth) ss 28G, 28K.
  55. Sex Discrimination Act 1984 (Cth) s 28K.
  56. Sex Discrimination Act 1984 (Cth) s 28A.
  57. Sex Discrimination Act 1984 (Cth) s 28A(1A).
  58. Victorian Equal Opportunity and Human Rights Commission, Guideline: Trans and gender diverse inclusion in sport—complying with the Equal Opportunity Act 2010 (May 2017) 14–15 <https://www.humanrightscommission.vic.gov.au/home/our-resources-and-publications/eoa-practice-guidelines/item/1560-guideline-trans-and-gender-diverse-inclusion-in-sport-complying-with-the-equal-opportunity-act-2010, opens in a new tab>.
  59. Sex Discrimination Act 1984 (Cth) s 94.
  60. Sex Discrimination Act 1984 (Cth) s 94(2).
  61. Sex Discrimination Act 1984 (Cth) s 94(2)(g).
  62. Sex Discrimination Act 1984 (Cth) s 105.
  63. Sex Discrimination Act 1984 (Cth) s 106.
  64. Sex Discrimination Act 1984 (Cth) s 106.
  65. Sex Discrimination Act 1984 (Cth) s 10(3).
  66. Sex Discrimination Act 1984 (Cth) s 10(4).
  67. Victorian Equal Opportunity and Human Rights Commission, Guideline: Trans and gender diverse inclusion in sport—complying with the Equal Opportunity Act 2010 (May 2017) <https://www.humanrightscommission.vic.gov.au/home/our-resources-and-publications/eoa-practice-guidelines/item/1560-guideline-trans-and-gender-diverse-inclusion-in-sport-complying-with-the-equal-opportunity-act-2010, opens in a new tab>; and Australian Capital Territory Human Rights Commission, Everyone Can Play: Guidelines for Local Clubs on Best Practice Inclusion of Transgender and Intersex Participants (April 2017) <http://hrc.act.gov.au/everyone-can-play-guidelines-local-clubs-best-practice-inclusion-transgender-intersex-participants/>.
  68. International Olympic Committee, ‘IOC Consensus Meeting on Sex Reassignment and Hyperandrogenism’ (Meeting Summary, November 2015) 2.
  69. Australian Sports Anti-Doping Authority Regulations 2006 (Cth) sch 1.
  70. Universal Declaration of Human Rights, GA Res 217A (III), UN GAOR, 3rd sess, 183rd plen mtg, UN Doc A/810 (10 December 1948) art 1.
  71. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, International Charter of Physical Education, Physical Activity and Sport (21 November 1978) art 1; Universal Declaration of Human Rights, GA Res 217A (III), UN GAOR, 3rd sess, 183rd plen mtg, UN Doc A/810 (10 December 1948) art 24; International Olympic Committee, International Olympic Committee, Olympic Charter (entered into force 9 October 2018) 11.
  72. Universal Declaration of Human Rights, GA Res 217A (III), UN GAOR, 3rd sess, 183rd plen mtg, UN Doc A/810 (10 December 1948) arts 2 and 3. In a recent resolution the Human Rights Council (UN Doc A/HRC/40/L.10/Rev.1) specifically called for the elimination of discrimination against women and girls in sports. The resolution references rules and practices in place regarding differences of sex development, androgen sensitivity and testosterone levels. As part of the resolution the Council has requested that the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights prepare a report on the intersection of race and gender discrimination in sport to be delivered during the Council's 44th session, due to be held in June 2020.
  73. Universal Declaration of Human Rights, GA Res 217A (III), UN GAOR, 3rd sess, 183rd plen mtg, UN Doc A/810 (10 December 1948) art 12.
  74. This is the starting point for inclusion, supported by the Sex Discrimination Act 1984 (Cth) prohibitions on discrimination against people on the basis of sex and gender identity.
  75. Particular care should be taken when collecting personal information from children. Parental consent should be obtained for any personal information relating to children.
  76. These responsibilities could be added to an already established role, such as the Member Protection Information Officer.
  77. The template Member Protection Policy incorporates a complaints process.
  78. Further details about how organisations can develop child-focused complaints policies are provided in the National Principles for Child Safe Organisations (Principle 6) <https://www.humanrights.gov.au/national-principles-child-safe-organisations, opens in a new tab>.
  79. Explanatory Memorandum, Sex Discrimination Amendment (Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Intersex Status) Bill 2013 (Cth) 6.
  80. Sex Discrimination Act 1984 (Cth) s 42.
  81. Bethany Alice Jones et al, ‘Sport and Transgender People: A Systematic Review of the Literature Relating to Sport Participation and Competitive Sport Policies’ (2017) 47 Sports Medicine 701, 713–714; Joanna Harper, ‘Race Times for Transgender Athletes’ (2015) 6(1) Journal of Sporting Cultures and Identities 1, 2.
  82. David J Handelsman et al, ‘Circulating Testosterone as the Hormonal Basis of Sex Differences in Athletic Performance’ (2018) 39(5) Endocrine Reviews 803, 806.
  83. David J Handelsman et al, ‘Circulating Testosterone as the Hormonal Basis of Sex Differences in Athletic Performance’ (2018) 39(5) Endocrine Reviews 803, 811–819; Joanna Harper, ‘Race Times for Transgender Athletes’ (2015) 6(1) Journal of Sporting Cultures and Identities 1, 6; Dutee Chand v Athletics Federation of India (AFI) & The International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) (Interim Arbitral Award) (Court of Arbitration for Sport, Case No 2014/A/3759, 24 July 2015) 53–54 [186], 59 [205].
  84. These may include factors such as training, genetics, nutrition, ‘hardiness’, and access to resources. Dutee Chand v Athletics Federation of India (AFI) & The International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) (Interim Arbitral Award) (Court of Arbitration for Sport, Case No 2014/A/3759, 24 July 2015) 154 [532]; Ross Tucker and Malcolm Collins, ‘What makes champions? A review of the relative contribution of genes and training to sporting success’ (2012) 46 British Journal of Sports Medicine 555, 560; Michael Sheard and Jim Goldby, ‘Personality hardiness differentiates elite-level sport performers’ (2010) 8(2) International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 160,166.
  85. Universal Declaration of Human Rights, GA Res 217A (III), UN GAOR, 3rd sess, 183rd plen mtg, UN Doc A/810 (10 December 1948) art 3.
  86. Australian Human Rights Commission, ‘Resilient individuals: Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity & Intersex Rights’ (National Consultation Report, 2015) 21 <https://www.humanrights.gov.au/our-work/sexual-orientation-gender-identity-intersex-status/publications/resilient-individuals, opens in a new tab>.
  87. The Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse found that transgender and gender diverse children can experience heightened vulnerability in an organisational context. Commonwealth, ‘Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse’ (Final Report–Vol 6, 2017) 170 <https://www.childabuseroyalcommission.gov.au/making-institutions-child-safe, opens in a new tab>.
  88. NSW Department of Education, School Uniform Policy, PD/2004/0025/V02 (23 July 2018) <https://education.nsw.gov.au/policy-library/policies/school-uniform-policy, opens in a new tab>.
  89. Jody L Herman, ‘Gendered Restrooms and Minority Stress: The Public Regulation of Gender and its Impact on Transgender People’s Lives’ (2013) 19(1) Journal of Public Management & Social Policy 65.
  90. Department of Health, ‘Sport 2030: Participation, Performance, Integrity, Industry’ (2018) 26 <https://www.sportaus.gov.au/nationalsportplan/home/featured/download/Sport_2030_-_National_Sport_Plan_-_2018.pdf>.
  91. Changing identification documents can be costly, confusing and time-consuming.
  92. Section 43A(1) of the Sex Discrimination Act 1984 (Cth) provides that it is not unlawful to request information in a way that does not allow for a person to identify as being neither male nor female. Section 43A(2) of the Act provides that it is not unlawful to make or keep records in a way that does not provide for a person to be identified as being neither male nor female.
  93. Victorian Equal Opportunity and Human Rights Commission, Guideline: Trans and gender diverse inclusion in sport—complying with the Equal Opportunity Act 2010 (May 2017) 18 <https://www.humanrightscommission.vic.gov.au/home/our-resources-and-publications/eoa-practice-guidelines/item/1560-guideline-trans-and-gender-diverse-inclusion-in-sport-complying-with-the-equal-opportunity-act-2010, opens in a new tab>.
  94. Births, Deaths and Marriages Registration Act 1995 (NSW) s 32B.

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