While there is evidence to show acute HMB supplementation does stimulate MPS and moderate MPB, the effect is less than leucine ingestion alone and significantly less than acute whey protein ingestion.² Acute HMB supplementation does not appear to influence serum testosterone and cortisol levels³ , nor indices of inflammation, such as C-reactive protein.⁴ There is preliminary evidence suggesting potential benefit in mitigating disuse atrophy, at least in older individuals.5