Gender

Research indicates physical literacy levels are often lower in girls compared to boys, and tend to decrease with age amongst girls, particularly during teen years. ^{26, 33, 45}

School environments present important opportunities for girls to develop fundamental movement skills and confidence, yet many girls face barriers that can negatively affect their participation and enjoyment, including: ^{26, 34}

• Physical education programs that do not adequately support their skill development or foster positive experiences
• Playground spaces dominated by boys' active play
• Overly competitive environments
• Gender stereotypes

Based on 2025 data from Women in Sport (UK), only 23% of girls aged 13–24 believed they could reach their full athletic potential, compared to 53% of boys. This represents the largest gender gap recorded since the data began being collected in 2020 and was linked to various factors, including persistent gender stereotypes and limited opportunities for girls to participate where they feel safe, comfortable, and a sense of belonging. ⁵¹

Fear of judgement, lack of confidence, and not having enough time are commonly reported barriers to participation in sport and physical activity among girls and women. ^{25, 53, 54} Persistent gender norms and stereotypes can further reinforce these barriers. ⁵⁵

A study of over 5000 women and girls participating in gymnastics and football in Australia found that fun, enjoyment, and maintaining health and fitness were common motivations for choosing to participate, while support from friends and family was a key factor influencing retention in sport. ⁵⁶