Role of sport

The benefits of sport are maximised when participants find the experiences enjoyable and the outcomes meaningful.
Sport can play a positive role in the lives of LGBTIQ+ people. For the most benefits participant experiences need to be satisfying and enjoyable, with outcomes that they feel are important for them. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 10, 12, 13, 18
Most frequently, sport and physical activity are cited as positive vehicles for improved:
Sense of community and/or belonging. 1, 4, 6, 7, 10, 18, 19, 45
Mental and physical health and wellbeing. 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 13, 19, 20, 45
Social interactions, including peer support and developing friendships. 1, 6, 7, 10, 13, 18, 19, 20, 45
Feelings of achievement and confidence. 7, 9, 10
Opportunity to be one’s authentic self, and/or affirm gender identity, especially when participating in LGBTIQ+ specific environments and activities. 10, 13, 20, 21, 22, 45
Increasing understanding and supportSport can also play a role in increasing understanding of and support for LGBTIQ+ individuals and communities and decreasing negative stereotypes. 1, 6, 8, 10,23, 24, 25
A 2020 analysis of the Pride Cup found that club members who attended the education sessions had increased awareness of LGBTI+ inclusion, how LGBTI+ members could be excluded within sport, and the damage that homophobic and exclusionary language can cause. Participants indicated that the training would make them more willing to call out and challenge the use of such language within the club environment. Overall, while no club had zero examples of these behaviours, participants from Pride Cup clubs were significantly less likely to use, or witness the use of, discriminatory language than participants from comparison clubs. While clubs that host Pride Cups can be assumed to be more open to changing their behaviour, this still indicates that the initiative can help reduce discriminatory and exclusionary language use. 8
A 2016 report for Sport England highlighted the role that LGBT fan groups could play in providing pathways for members of the LGBT community to safely start engaging in sport events (in this case football). The groups also improved the experience of existing fans by providing a community of LGBT football stakeholders and promoting inclusive messages. 6
A 2012 study looking at the effect of a gay male soccer player coming out to his teammates found that guided discussions with gay players and other team members appeared to open players’ perspectives on homosexuality and improve overall team social cohesion. Although the authors highlight that this was a limited case study and can’t be generalised, it suggests that effective and inclusive team discussions and environments can benefit everyone. 24
ChallengesWhile positive examples show that sport can have significant benefits for LGBTIQ+ individuals and communities, the benefits are not automatic, and sport can also have negative impacts. 1, 2, 7, 13, 20, 26, 27, 28, 29, 45
A 2024 Australian survey looked at rates of, and barriers to, participation in sport/fitness, as well as experiences of bullying for transgender and gender diverse people. It found that 34% of respondents experienced bullying from an individual within a sport/fitness setting. Experiences of gender-based bullying or exclusion (e.g. intentional misgendering) were most commonly reported as coming from other participants (e.g. gym/club members (17%)), sport/fitness staff (e.g. receptionists and membership officers (16%)), and sports team members (14%). 44
A 2020 study by Proud 2 Play of LGBT+ inclusion in Victorian football (soccer) found that experiences of discrimination and prejudice towards LGBT+ people was common and had a negative impact on their short and long-term involvement with sport. 30
How the media and others in the community frame and discuss LGBTIQ+ participants can perpetuate stereotypes. Negative portrayals of LGBTIQ+ athletes, particularly trans-feminine and non-binary athletes, or reactive discussions around pride matches or rounds can make LGBTIQ+ participants feel that sport is not welcoming for them. 2, 12, 31
Resources and reading
The All Gender Games is a place for everyone to participate in a safe and judgement-free space,, opens in a new tab Cat Hoang, Siren Sport/ABC, (17 September 2023). AGG was created in 2021. It is a fluid format soccer series made for queer, trans and gender diverse people and also welcomes black, Indigenous, and other people of colour (BIPOC) players and their allies. AGG is managed in an experimental format where teams are assigned at random regardless of gender identity, to move away from gender quotas enforced by mixed competition that often erase gender diverse athletes. Depending on how many people come to play, organisers adapt rules, field size and numbers on the pitch to optimise game flow for maximum enjoyment. Due to anti-trans protests occurring during the event's run in Melbourne, game marshals are present at the matches to give players peace of mind. Participants are also offered kits in a range of cuts and sizes that come with name tags where folks can specify their pronouns. Participants attributed their enjoyment to comfort on the field and being able to connect with other like-minded people, many wanting the event to run the length of a regular season.
Positive sport experiences of gay men,, opens in a new tab Jake Quinton and Kyle Rich, SIRC, (7 December 2022). In this blog, we discuss our research, in which we interviewed 9 gay men between the ages of 30 and 45 to examine their experiences in organized sports, how they navigate stressors, and ultimately how they derive well-being from sport participation. Our research suggests that positive sport experiences are derived not only from participating, but from building relationships with a range of people, having and being role models, and being competitive and successful in sport itself. Therefore, organizers should also consider how they can foster broader organizational cultures that support and value contributions of diverse participants as players, coaches, leaders, and peers. Participating in sport was also understood by men in this study as a way of embodying positive representation for younger generations of LGBTQ+ athletes. For the men we spoke with, not seeing themselves represented in sports reinforced the idea that gay men did not play sports. Conversely, their continued involvement in sports serves to signal to younger LGBTQ+ people that these environments can be welcoming for them.
Participants who understood themselves as athletes first tended to find their involvement in sports to be positive overall. However, many of these men stayed closeted longer, which had consequences for their mental health. In some cases, staying in the closet longer was a direct consequence of the perceived danger in their sporting environments. This finding demonstrates the importance of explicitly creating inclusive environments in sports and the consequences for gay athletes when sports are not seen as a safe place.
Conversely, those who understood themselves as gay first tended to have a more negative outlook on sports and did not have the positive experiences of those who understood themselves as athletes first. They often did not get involved in sports until adulthood because of stereotypes that gay men did not play sports. Therefore, increasing the visibility of LGBTQ+ athletes in sport environments is important to address the implications this stereotype.
Creating inclusive sport environments requires recognizing the diversity of experiences that participants bring to sport contexts and the complex ways that people derive well-being through sport. Sport organizers must consider factors within their organizations and their communities more broadly when developing inclusion initiatives. Establishing policies that do not tolerate homophobia and actively shape safe and welcoming spaces for participation are important. Our research suggests that positive sport experiences are derived not only from participating, but from building relationships with a range of people, having and being role models, and being competitive and successful in sport itself. Therefore, organizers should also consider how they can foster broader organizational cultures that support and value contributions of diverse participants as players, coaches, leaders, and peers.
How coaches and sport organizations can create a better experience for LGBTQ+ youth,, opens in a new tab Dawn E. Trussell, Kyle Rich, Jake Quinton, SIRC, (29 June 2022). Participating in sport can have many benefits for LGBTQ+ youth. Sport has the potential to bring joy, distraction and mindfulness that frees LGBTQ+ youth from worry and fear in other domains of their lives. Sport can also provide important social connections and support for LGBTQ+ youth as they negotiate coming out. In this blog, we explain why LGBTQ+ youth often feel unsafe in sport. Aligned with a movement to understand the nuances of different gender and sexual identities we focus on LGBTQ+ identities. We also recommend 5 strategies that coaches and other sport leaders should consider to create more inclusive cultures in their teams and organizations for LGBTQ+ and transgender, and queer or questioning (LGBTQ+) identities.
5 ways to build LGBTQIA+ inclusion in clubs,, opens in a new tab Meg Young, Club Respect, (2022?). Research shows us that homophobia, biphobia and transphobia are alarming commonplace in our sporting codes. Allowing this culture of disrespect to continue means young sports players stay in the closet or drop out of the sport completely. For local sporting clubs, this means risking diminished performance, missing out on top talent and passing up on the financial and reputational benefits of building a respectful culture. Includes 5 tips for creating a culture that respects everyone, including LGBTQIA+ people, including Top-down and a zero-tolerance approach; Make your pride visible; Create an inclusion sub-committee; Host a pride round feat. education session; Create a formal commitment, policy or code of conduct to respect and inclusion.
Equal Play: Transgender Athletes Talk Fitness and Fairness,, opens in a new tab Tom Ward, Men's Health, (25 November 2021). For trans men, the chance to participate in sport and exercise can be critical for mental wellbeing. We asked six of them to share their stories.
Queer Sporting Alliance, Glenorchy Basketball Association providing competition and inclusion for trans people,, opens in a new tab Rob Inglis, Mercury, (22 August 2021). Transgender and gender-diverse Tasmanians are relishing the opportunity to take part in team sports, saying it is a significant way to affirm their identity.
Proud to be open for all,, opens in a new tab Leigh Rogers, Tennis Australia, (17 May 2021). As Tennis Australia proudly celebrates International Day Against Homophobia, Biphobia, Interphobia and Transphobia (IDAHOBIT), trans player Seth Garth explains why initiatives to promote inclusion are so important to grow the sport.
How Tasmania's first LGBTIQA+ basketball team wants to change community sport,, opens in a new tab Megan Macdonald, ABC, (9 February 2021). Bushrangers Basketball is Australia's largest LGBTIQA+ basketball club. The club is aimed at providing "safe spaces for trans and gender diverse players". Rather than a priority on winning, the club strives for "non-competitive, fun games".
What About the Trans Athletes Who Compete — And Win — in Men’s Sports?, opens in a new tab Britni De La Cretaz, InsideHook, (20 January 2021). Lost in the debates about biology and physiology and competitive advantages that surround trans kids in sports are the stories of the ones who are out there already — playing, winning, losing, thriving. And among the already small number of stories about trans athletes, the trans boys on the field are perhaps the most sparsely represented. For many trans boys, especially those who live in more isolated areas, this invisibility has real impacts. Visibility allows people to see pathways for themselves, to believe that their goals and aspirations are possible. It’s why athletes like Schuyler Bailar, the first openly transgender Division I NCAA swimmer, and Chris Mosier, the first openly trans athlete to qualify for Team USA and who competed in the Olympic Trials in January 2020, are so important. “It’s really cool to see representation, kind of like in politics, even if you don’t aspire to be them,” says John*, a 15-year-old cross-country runner from St. Louis, Missouri. “It’s just cool to see that they can, and that it could be possible.” “For the majority of kids [cis or trans], we’re not going to be Schuylers or Chrises, they are so incredibly talented and good at what they do. In reality, that’s not going to happen for the majority of kids who just want to play sports. So I think having other trans kids represented in the lower level sports is so important.”
Shining a light on Sports Pride Networks,, opens in a new tab UK Sport, (12 December 2020). Earlier this year British Athletics and British Swimming set up their first LGBTQ+ (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Trans) networks – communities that are inclusive to all and open to all levels from grassroots to elite.
Australian fights homophobia in sport with World Gay Boxing Championships,, opens in a new tab Emma Kemp, The Guardian, (28 October 2020). The world’s first LGBTQ+ boxing tournament is set to be staged in Sydney after the nation’s governing body threw its support behind the proposal. Boxing Australia has endorsed efforts by World Gay Boxing Championships (WGBC), a not-for-profit founded by local boxer Martin Stark to build inclusivity and combat homophobia and transphobia in the sport, to launch the first such LGBTQ+-friendly tournament.
Homophobia drastically reduced at Australian clubs taking part in pride games,, opens in a new tab Mike Hytner, The Guardian, (26 August 2020). Research, led by Australia’s Monash University, is the first academic study to investigate if such themed games or rounds, which aim to address a range of social issues including homophobia, racism and respect for women, can help stop discriminatory behaviours in male sport. The study focused on the Australian Ice Hockey League and found players in teams that hold pride games use nearly 40% less homophobic language than those in teams that have not held games. A subsequent, larger study that included community cricket, netball, Australian rules football, field hockey, and roller derby reported nearly identical results.
How LGBTQI+ AFL fans have banded together to create a network of pride groups,, opens in a new tab Evan Young, SBS, (16 July 2020). The AFL might be busy navigating coronavirus, but its fans remain as loyal as ever. For LGBTQI+ Australians who have previously reported feeling unwelcome by the men's game, they have been mobilising to forge a new sense of belonging. The Purple Bombers has continued to grow each year and almost all AFL clubs now have dedicated LGBTQI+ fan groups, which operate as part of a coalition called the AFL Pride Collective. Representatives from each group meet a few times a year to discuss common issues and collaborate at various AFL events and pride festivals around Australia.
Rugby Australia signs "significant" MOU with Aussie gay and inclusive clubs,, opens in a new tab AAP, Rugby.com.au, (16 September 2019). Rugby Australia has struck a formal alliance with Australia’s four gay and inclusive Rugby Clubs, and International Gay Rugby (IGR), with the aim of growing participation in rugby among the LGBTIQA+ community in Australia.
Pride Cup, opens in a new tab works with all levels of sport to build a world where every LGBTI+ person feels included, accepted and proud to be who they are. When Jason Ball publicly came out as gay in 2012, his teammates from the Yarra Glen Football Netball Club wanted to show him they had his back. The team came up with the idea to stage a Pride Cup, with players wearing rainbow jumpers, and 50 metre lines painted in rainbow colours. It was an event that galvanised the entire community and became the inspiration for the now annual AFL Pride Game, first played between St Kilda FC and Sydney Swans in 2016. Since hitting the national stage, communities across Australia have joined the movement, with Pride Cups being expanded into other sporting codes nationally.
Proud 2 Play, opens in a new tab focuses on increasing LGBTIQ+ engagement in sport, exercise and active recreation. To do this, we work with all levels of the sporting community, from individual participants and grassroots communities, to state and national sporting organisations. We seek to encourage LGBTIQ+ people (as well as their allies, friends and families) to participate and engage in sport and exercise by providing structured opportunities and pathways for them to do so. Engagement is not limited to just actively participating in sport; the physical, mental and social benefits of sport should be experienced by active participants, volunteers, coaches and officials. Proud2Play focusses on Education, Policy, Events, Research and Partnerships.
Rainbow Roadmap, opens in a new tab, Victoria Government, (accessed 29 July 2025). The Rainbow Ready roadmap is a set of resources for Victorian rural and regional communities to build lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans and gender diverse, intersex and queer (LGBTIQA+) inclusion. 
VicTennis, opens in a new tab is proud to be one of the largest and longest standing LGBTIQ+ sporting associations in Victoria. They coordinate opportunities for both social hits along with team competitions and tournaments that are contested as part of the global GLTA tour with opportunities for all skill levels. All Victennis events are inclusive and we welcome all players who belong to or support the LGBTIQ+ community.
LGBTIQ+ communities, opens in a new tab, Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW), (accessed 30 July 2025). It is important to acknowledge the diverse lived experiences of LGBTIQ+ people. Compared with the general population, LGBTIQ+ people have historically faced discriminatory laws and policies and continue to encounter discrimination, social isolation and social stigma in various settings and at different times across their lives. Improved consistency in reporting on the health and wellbeing of LGBTIQ+ communities will support further research into sub-population groups and the development of tailored policies and services that aim to reduce the impact of various risk factors.
Diversity in the Fitness Sector, opens in a new tab, Europe Active, (June 2024). This report aims to increase the focus on DEI (Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion) in our sector. As our first report, it will guide future improvements. Amid the global health crisis, our industry's positive impact on preventing lifestyle diseases and promoting active lifestyles is vital. Data on discrimination based on gender, sexuality, race, culture, religion, disability and age were collected, along with demographic information. Respondents were also asked about the individual and business impact of inequalities and the factors that contribute to them. In total, 498 people responded to the survey. Of those who reported experiencing inequality based on their sexuality the most frequently reported impacts to the individual were poor self-esteem, poor mental health, and not feeling able to speak up. Business impacts were more sickness/absences, lover staff motivation, and lower productivity. Lack of education and training on DEI for all staff was the most commonly cited factor that respondents believed contributed to inequalities and discrimination in the fitness industry. However, 70% had not been offered training on DEI, and 31% said that even if it was offered they wouldn't take it, this may be because of previous negative experiences of such training, or feeling that it wouldn't be helpful, but around 11% also said they wouldn't use DEI resources if they were available.
Free to exist: Documenting participation data on LGBTIQA+ young people in sport and physical activity, opens in a new tab, Ryan Storr, Carleigh Yeomans, Kath Albury, et al., Swinburne University for VicHealth, (May 2024). The aim of this mixed-method research project was to collect participation data on LGBTIQA+ young people (aged 16-25) in sport and physical activity, whilst exploring the experiences, needs and engagement of LGBTIQA+ young people in sport and movement settings. In total, 20 young people aged 16-25 years participated in 5 focus groups, and 506 LGBTIQA+ young people participated in a quantitative survey. Quantitative and qualitative data paint a concerning picture of young LGBTIQA+ people’s participation in sport and physical activity, with lower rates of participation and engagement than the wider population and high rates of discrimination when they do engage. However, more promising, are the perspectives of young people who want to engage in sport and movement, and their motivation for sport and movement spaces to do more to be inclusive. Our data highlight the need for policy makers, sport managers, and physical activity providers to undertake targeted LGBTIQA+ diversity and inclusion work to ensure that LGBTIQA+ young people can access safe, inclusive, and equitable environments that are free from discrimination. The consequences of not doing this work are far reaching and may have significant long-term impacts and consequences for LGBTIQA+ people, including trauma, and physical inactivity throughout their life course. Ensuring young LGBTIQA+ people have positive experiences through adolescence and youth is crucial to encourage lifelong participation and to develop positive relationships with physical activity; sports and physical activity providers must make authentic commitments to ensure that sport and movement spaces are safe and inclusive for LGBTIQA+ young people. Young people want to see authentic pride efforts that engage all sections of LGBTIQA+ communities, efforts which attempt to address ongoing discrimination and hostility towards LGBTIQA+ people. Participants discussed the negative impacts on their mental health, including ongoing debates and discussions of LGBTIQA+ people’s lives through the medium of sport (including trans athletes and pride games).
PSI Practice Points: Data analysis from the PSI National Survey, Best practice for the inclusion of people of diverse genders and sexualities in Australian Sport, opens in a new tab, Pride in Sport, (2023). The annual Pride in Sport Equality Index (PSI) National Survey has been running for the past five years. Solid growth year on year has seen the survey go from 2 participating organisations/clubs and 14 responses in its first year to 27 and 1,043 responses in 2023. The PSI National Survey provides insight into the culture, beliefs, opinions, and differences between LGBTQ and non-LGBTQ respondents. All organisation who participated in the survey are working on LGBTQ inclusion. These results reflect the attitudes and knowledge of respondents who are in these organisations/clubs. These results likely differ from other surveys due to this positive focus on LGBTQ inclusion of these organisations/clubs. For people of diverse gender or sexuality, their rates of health and wellbeing are coming in lower than those who are not diverse. LGBTQ respondents are: 8.9% less likely to agree to feeling productive, 7.4% less likely to feel a sense of belonging, 5% less likely to feel engaged with the organisation, 4.1% less likely to feel mentally well or that they can be themselves.
Youth Survey 2023, opens in a new tab, McHale, R., Brennan, N., Freeburn, T., et al., Mission Australia, (2023). The Mission Australia 2023 Youth Survey was completed by 19,501 young people aged 15-19 years from across the country. Young people were engaged via schools, local governments, community and service organisations, and through Mission Australia services. The survey was also available on the Mission Australia website, promoted via social media, and distributed to peak bodies, local governments, and community managed organisations. Some key findings include: The top three activities for young people were sports (as a participant) (67.0%), sports (as a spectator) (49.7%), and volunteer work (e.g. through sports club, charity, religious organisation, school) (40.7%).
Higher proportions of males than females reported taking part in sports (as a participant) (72.8% compared with 64.9%) and sports (as a spectator) (59.0% compared with 44.8%) in the past year.
Conversely, higher proportions of females than males participated in volunteer work (44.2% compared with 36.9%), arts/cultural/ music groups/activities (34.0% compared with 21.6%) and student leadership groups/activities (33.5% compared with 22.6%) in the past year.
For gender diverse young people the top three activities were arts/cultural/music groups/activities (44.6%), sport (as a participant) (41.9%), and volunteer work (e.g. through sports club, charity, religious organisation, school) (36.8%). Sport (as a spectator) was the 4th most common activity (30.8%).
Youth Survey 2023, opens in a new tab, McHale, R., Brennan, N., Freeburn, T., et al., Mission Australia, (2023). The Mission Australia 2023 Youth Survey was completed by 19,501 young people aged 15-19 years from across the country. Young people were engaged via schools, local governments, community and service organisations, and through Mission Australia services. The survey was also available on the Mission Australia website, promoted via social media, and distributed to peak bodies, local governments, and community managed organisations. Some key findings include: The top personal challenges faced by young people were consistent with 2022, with the most common responses themed around school, mental health and relationships. 30% identified mental health as one of the most important issues in Australia compared with 34% in 2022 and 35% in 2021. Almost half (48.6%) of gender diverse young people identified as living with a mental health condition compared with 21.4% of females and 8.9% of males.
Over one third (34.2%) of gender diverse respondents identified as living with disability compared with 5.8% of females and 6.9% of males. The most frequently cited disabilities (in order of frequency) were attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and dyslexia.
Regardless of the type of challenge, a larger proportion of females than males mentioned that they found support from their teachers or professional supports, while a larger proportion of males than females mentioned the positive benefits of physical activity. Meanwhile, a higher proportion of gender diverse young people than females and males reported that nothing helped.
Young people were asked to rate their general mental health and wellbeing on a 5-point scale ranging from excellent to poor. One in three (32.4%) respondents rated their mental health and wellbeing as excellent (10.4%) or very good (22.0%), with close to two in five (37.7%) selecting either fair (25.4%) or poor (12.3%). Males were more likely to rate their mental health and wellbeing as excellent (17.8% compared with 5.4% of females and 7.0% of gender diverse young people). Close to two in five (38.6%) gender diverse respondents rated their mental health and wellbeing as poor, over double that of females (14.1%) and five times higher than males (7.0%).
The top three activities for young people were sports (as a participant) (67.0%), sports (as a spectator) (49.7%), and volunteer work (e.g. through sports club, charity, religious organisation, school) (40.7%).
Higher proportions of males than females reported taking part in sports (as a participant) (72.8% compared with 64.9%) and sports (as a spectator) (59.0% compared with 44.8%) in the past year.
Conversely, higher proportions of females than males participated in volunteer work (44.2% compared with 36.9%), arts/cultural/ music groups/activities (34.0% compared with 21.6%) and student leadership groups/activities (33.5% compared with 22.6%) in the past year.
For gender diverse young people the top three activities were arts/cultural/music groups/activities (44.6%), sport (as a participant) (41.9%), and volunteer work (e.g. through sports club, charity, religious organisation, school) (36.8%). Sport (as a spectator) was the 4th most common activity (30.8%).
Writing Themselves in 4,, opens in a new tab Hill AO, Lyons A, Jones J, et al., Australian Research Centre in Sex, Health and Society, La Trobe University, (2021). This is the fourth national study on the sexual health and well-being of same sex attracted young people in Australia. The series was expanded to include a survey targeting trans and gender diverse young people. With a total of 6,418 participants, 'Writing Themselves In 4' represents the largest ever survey of LGBTQA+ young people in Australia and one of the largest in the world. The sample of 'Writing Themselves In 4' is also diverse in terms of the gender and sexuality of participants. While over half were cisgender women, nearly a quarter were cisgender men, and a similar proportion were trans or non-binary. Participants were asked which sports they had played in the past 12 months (multiple responses were permitted): 62.2% of respondents had participated in some sport. The most popular sports were swimming, dancing, netball, soccer, cycling, and basketball. Only 28.8% of those who played sports had disclosed to teammates.
Of those who had disclosed to their teammates, 69.8% (n = 139) attending university reported feeling supported about their sexuality or gender identity by their teammates, compared to 69.4% (n = 25) of those attending TAFE. This figure was lower among secondary students, with 61.2% (n = 316) reporting feeling supported by teammates.
Among participants who reported experiencing harassment or assault based on their sexuality or gender identity at sport in the past 12 months (n = 95), almost two-thirds (64.2%; n = 61) reported the perpetrator was a player/s from their team, one-half (51.6%; n = 49) player from another team, one fifth spectator/s (21.1%; n = 20), and 16.8% (n = 16) coach/es.
LGBT+ Inclusion in Football in Victoria, opens in a new tab, Proud2Play for Football Victoria and VicHealth, (March 2020). Previous research shows that sport is an environment where LGBT+ people typically do not feel safe to participate. Homophobia, transphobia and other discriminatory behaviours have been found to be commonplace across many sports. How LGBT+ inclusion (or these discriminatory behaviours) appear in the sport of football, particularly within community-level football, has previously been unknown. The key findings from this research include: Discrimination and prejudice towards LGBT+ people involved in football is common, and this has a negative impact on their experiences within sport and their continued involvement over the course of their lives. 75% of LGBT+ and 50% of heterosexual people have witnessed or experienced homophobia or discrimination based on sexuality or gender identity. While 70% of people feel that transgender or gender diverse people would be welcome in their club, around half of all people held a neutral opinion or disagreed with transgender or gender diverse people playing based on their gender identity. Homophobia manifests overtly through behaviours such as discriminatory language use, while transphobia manifests less visibly through attitudes. Despite homophobic behaviour being commonplace in football in Victoria, most people believe a player coming out as LGBT+ would have a positive impact on the game and would be very comfortable if their favourite player did. There is an attitude that LGBT+ inclusion is neither a problem nor a priority in football. There is a distinct lack of education and knowledge about LGBT+ inclusion. Most people think more should be done to support LGBT+ inclusion. The main recommendations from this research include: Acknowledge that there is an issue of LGBT+ inclusion within football in Victoria. Receive commitment from the FV leadership team to proactively pursue the recommendations from this research. Develop a short- and long-term LGBT+ inclusion strategy to guide future work at FV in this space. Incorporation of this strategy into the FV Strategic Plan. Embedding LGBT+ inclusion work into the job responsibility of a staff member, or multiple staff members. Maintaining a steering group for LGBT+ inclusion work in football in Victoria.
Evaluating LGBTI+ Inclusion within Sport and the Pride Cup Initiative, opens in a new tab, Ruth Jeanes, Karen Lambert, Justen O' Connor, et al., Monash University for VicHealth, (2020). In July 2019, VicHealth commissioned research to measure the impact of the Pride Cup program and resources. The evaluation suggests that clubs involved experience a range of benefits and positive impacts from their participation and the Pride Cup offers an accessible and structured way for them to engage and consider LGBTI+ inclusion. The evaluation contributes to an understanding of what works in LGBTI+ inclusion approaches within sport and why, in relation to changing long outdated attitudes and behaviours. All interviewees were in agreement that the Pride Cup had assisted with raising the clubs’ profile within the local community and enhanced their clubs’ reputation as community minded and engaged with social justice issues. Interviewees also discussed how the Pride Cup had provided opportunities to make connections with a range of businesses and community partners. A number of clubs outlined how their involvement in the Pride Cup had helped them gain greater levels of sponsorship from community organisations and due to the higher spectator attendance at Pride Cup games, benefit financially from sales of food, drink etc. Clubs had engaged with LGBTI+ members where possible, or the LGBTI+ community more broadly to varying degrees.
All interviewees were positive about the Pride Cup education sessions and felt they had been useful in raising awareness of LGBTI+ inclusion amongst members and identifying some of the key ways that LGBTI+ members may be excluded within sporting contexts. An important function of the education sessions was highlighting the damaging impact of homophobic and exclusionary language, with all interviewees indicating that they, and their club members, had greater levels of awareness of the detrimental impact of language. Subsequently, volunteers suggested that they and other club members would be more willing to call out and challenge the use of such language within the club environment because of the training. One of the challenges was encouraging all club members to participate in education. Seven interviewees had not attended the education and whilst clubs generally reported good attendance (around 50 club members on average), the education was not thought to be having a whole club reach at some clubs, an issue reinforced by the organisers and members’ surveys.
Overall, participants from Pride Cup clubs were significantly less likely to use or witness the use of discriminatory language than participants from comparison clubs. This suggests the Pride Cup may potentially reduce discriminatory and exclusionary behaviours related to language use. Whilst the Pride Cup may have moderated exclusionary language it didn’t remove it, suggesting more work is needed.
Game to Play? Exploring the experiences and attitudes towards sport, exercise and physical activity amongst same sex attracted and gender diverse young people, opens in a new tab, Dr Ryan Storr, Kerry Robinson, Cristyn Davies, et al., Sexualities and Gender Research, Western Sydney University, (2020). Young SSAGD people in this research expressed a strong desire to participate in sport and physical exercise, and an awareness of the benefits, however most had experienced numerous forms of discrimination in sport and exercise, especially in PE at school. It is critical that steps are taken to address the violence and discrimination that SSAGD young people experience in sport and exercise environments, including tackling homophobia, biphobia, transphobia and heterosexism. The benefits of participation in sports and physical exercise acknowledged by SSAGD young people were: a sense of belonging; improved mental and physical health; sporting opportunities; peer support and friendships.
The majority of young people were aware that participating in sport and physical exercise could bring a sense of belonging, which they often felt was lacking in their lives in broader society. A sense of community gained from being involved in team sports can bridge gaps across the differences that may exist amongst young people, including cultural and religious differences.
Although not a common scenario amongst the participants in this research, there were occasions when young people felt connected and supported through participating in sport. Sport provided opportunities to find social supports and to establish peer networks and friendships through which young people can develop and accrue social capital.
If young people do not participate in sport, especially team based sports or sporting activities that can connect them with other people, they miss out on critical social support, social capital, the opportunities that can arise for peer acceptance, and the creation of meaningful connections.
Non-binary inclusion in sport, opens in a new tab, T. Snape & Co., (2020). The premise of this booklet is not that people who identify as non-binary (neither male nor female) are a problem for sport. Instead, we suggest they highlight important issues that sport, and society more generally, should attend to. We discuss these challenges and identify ways of addressing them. We aim to provide sports organisations and organisers; sports regulators and governing bodies; and members of sporting communities at large, with a resource to help accessibility for non-binary people and people of all genders. This booklet includes a summary of a research workshop which took place specifically to explore non-binary inclusion in sport, three case studies showcasing examples of non-binary inclusion, derived from people’s lived experiences of organising and participating in sport, and some tips for being a non-binary ally.
Inclusive Sport Practices, opens in a new tab, Murray Drummond, Sam Elliott, Claire Drummond, et al., Flinders University, Sport, Health, Activity, Performance and Exercise (SHAPE) Research Centre for Inclusive Sport South Australia (SA) and the Office for Recreation, Sport and Racing, (May 2019). This is the first South Australian report to identify barriers and enablers in sport for the LGBTIQ+ community. The findings and recommendations will help to advance a holistic approach for reducing homophobia and ‘homohysteria’ within sporting environments. Furthermore, the report provides contextually-informed evidence for creating, maintaining and enhancing inclusive sport environments for LGBTIQ+ participants and allies based on extensive research.
The relevance of sexual orientation and gender identity in sport in Europe. Findings from the Outsport survey, opens in a new tab, Menzel, T., Braumüller, B., Hartmann-Tews, I. German Sport University Cologne, Institute of Sociology and Gender Studies, (2019). The experiences of LGBTI* people in sport are very diverse, possibly as diverse as the field of sport itself with its manifold forms, settings and contexts. This is demonstrated by the experiences of the (approx.) 5,500 LGBTI* people who participated in the OUTSPORT Survey 2018. The following findings illustrate that the vast majority of respondents perceive homo-/transphobia to be a problem in sport and transphobia is perceived to be an especially prominent problem in sport. Some other key findings included: 7 out of 10 respondents suppose the coming out of famous sports stars and high profile and antihomophobia/ transphobia campaigns to be helpful to tackle homo-/transphobic discrimination.
16% report at least one negative personal experience in a sports context related to their sexual orientation and/or gender identity.
Of those with negative experiences: 82% Verbal insults, slurs 75% structural discrimination 36% physically crossing the line 20% physical violence.
Most common perpetrators: 53% other sport participants 49% team members.
5% of (previously active) respondents quit their sports participation because they have had negative personal experiences due to their sexual orientation and/or gender identity.
Review of LGBT+ Sport and Physical Activity Infrastructure, opens in a new tab, Scott Lawley, Sara Smith, Nottingham Trent University for Pride Sports and Sport England, (December 2018). The report draws upon desk research across the range of LGBT+ sports provision in England, and further in-depth research with 40 sports and physical activity providers, both of which took place in June 2017. Key findings included: Commercial and mainstream providers do not keep data and have little insight relating to the numbers of their LGBT+ participants. Furthermore, they demonstrated little insight into the specific barriers to participation that members of their LGBT+ membership might face.
Just under half of LGBT+ sports groups are aimed at one specific identity within the LGBT+ spectrum, whilst over half state that they are ‘open to all’ LGBT+ participants. However, when considering the entirety of LGBT+ sport provision overall, there are gaps in provision relating to gender, sexual orientation and gender identity. Trans provision is not well integrated into LGBT+ sports groups, and tends to be in groups with a specific trans focus.
There is a ‘culture of gender-binarism’ in mainstream sports provision, including educational settings. This is evidenced in the gender-segregated layout of sports facilities, in rules and regulations which govern participation based on gender, and in hostile cultures and attitudes, all of which serve to exclude trans and gender non-binary participants.
Due to the levels of exclusion from mainstream sports, trans and gender non-binary participants at both adult and youth levels are generally inactive when first accessing trans-specific sports provision.
Sport, Physical Activity and LGBT, opens in a new tab, Louise Englefield, Di Cunningham, Ali Mahoney, Pride in Sports for Sport England, (2016). In January 2016 Pride Sports was commissioned by Sport England to undertake a 10-week study examining the participation of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) people in sport. The focus of the study was to review the existing research and reports into issues affecting LGBT participation in sport and physical activity and to evidence the impact of projects that are successfully addressing issues and delivering increased opportunities in sport. The study gave particular consideration to how provision, which has successfully engaged LGBT people, is also working to reduce physical inactivity and to engage those not previously participating in sport. This report summarises the work undertaken and makes recommendations to Sport England.
Out on the Fields: The first international study on homophobia in sport, opens in a new tab, Denison E, Moseley L and Kitchen A, Repucom, (10 May 2015). This study provides insight into the experiences of LGB athletes, but it also looks at the experiences of LGB people generally, their experiences as participants and as spectators. The study takes a particular focus on issues of sexuality, rather than gender, which is why the report uses the term LGB, rather than the now standard LGBTI. The study goes beyond capturing the experiences and views of LGB people, as it also includes the experiences and perspectives of nearly 2500 heterosexual participants who make up about 25% of the sample. By including people with a wide range of sexualities, this study provides an opportunity to compare attitudes between these sexualities. The survey included six main countries (USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, United Kingdom and Ireland) and a collective sample from several other countries. The Australian portion of the survey included 3006 participants. Key findings include: 54% of gay men felt unwelcome in sport, saying they are ‘not at all accepted’ or ‘accepted a little’; 36% of lesbians felt the same way.
27% of gay men said they did not participate in youth team sports.
84% of all survey respondents said homophobic jokes occur ‘all the time, often, or sometimes’ in a sporting environment.
62% of all survey respondents, and 73% of gay respondents, believed homophobia is more common in team sports than in other environments.
81% of gay men and 74% of lesbian women under the age of 22 had reported concealing, or only partially revealing, their sexual identity while playing sport. Approximately half of gays and a third of lesbians said they hid their sexuality because they were worried about being rejected by teammates; 31% of gays and 15% of lesbians were also worried about discrimination from coaches and officials.
80% of all respondents said they have witnessed or experienced homophobia in sport. Young LGB persons (under the age of 22) were more likely to report personal experiences of homophobia.
Language was the most common form witnessed by all participants, 80% of straight people who have witnessed homophobia have witnessed slurs such as ‘faggot’ and ‘dyke’
While it is important to understand which kinds of homophobia and discrimination people personally experienced, participants, particularly straight people, were more likely to have witnessed others being targeted. One in four (26%) LGB people have witnessed others being bullied over a period of time
Gay and bisexual men were more likely to be physically assaulted themselves than witness others being attacked, however, nearly 15% said they saw others being assaulted due to their sexuality
Summary for Australia on Homophobia in Sport, opens in a new tab, (2015). Out on the Fields is the first international study and largest conducted on homophobia in sport. Nearly 9500 people took part including 3006 lesbian, gay, bisexual and straight Australians. Australia ranked in the middle on many measures, though quite poorly on some key measures such as whether gay athletes feel they are welcome in sport and feel safe to be open about their sexuality. Australia had the highest number of gay men (13%) who felt they were “not accepted at all” in sporting culture which was nearly three times as high as Canada (5%). Australia also had the second highest number (87%) of young gay athletes who remain in the closet (after New Zealand) and the highest number of gay youth who stay in the closet because of a fear of bullying (55%) and discrimination from coaches and officials (37%). Spectator stands were a major concern to Australians, with nearly half of all participants saying this is where homophobia in sport is most likely to occur. This was the second highest number after the UK (49%). The vast majority of Australian (75%) participants also felt LGB people are not very safe as spectators at sporting events, though they were less likely to believe this than those in the UK (85%).
Inclusive Sport Survey: The Sport Experiences of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Intersex People in the Australian Capital Territory, opens in a new tab, Australian Capital Territory Government, Sport and Recreation Services  (April 2014). This survey looked at attitudes and behaviours among the ACT’s lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex community groups and territory sporting associations. Most people responding to the survey were ‘not out’ regarding their sexuality and/or being transgender. Key findings were: 41% of respondents have felt unsafe in a sporting environment; 34% had experienced sexism in sport with women experiencing the most sexism, followed by transgender people and men; 32% had experienced verbal homophobia or bullying in a sporting environment, but only 3.6% had experienced homophobic assault.
The main themes to emerge from participants’ best sporting experiences include a feeling of achievement, being part of a team or community, being accepted and welcomed, experiencing health benefits, having the opportunity to travel and broaden life experiences, having fun and friendship, gaining confidence and providing a positive contribution.
The most common ‘main’ sport identified in the survey is football/soccer (12.9%), followed by roller derby (4.9%) and cricket and hockey (both 3.6%).
16% of men and 11% of women identify a sport in which they would like to participate but do not due to their sexuality. The most common identified activities in which men would like to participate but do not are rugby union, martial arts and rugby league. For women, the sports are dancing, ice hockey, netball and swimming. 11% of respondents identify a sport that they would like to participate in but do not due to being transgender or intersex. 70% of them would like to do swimming, followed by dancing and a range of sports including netball, football/soccer, basketball and weights training.
Most describe their school sport/Physical Education (PE) experiences as thoroughly enjoyable to enjoyable (around 46%) or thoroughly unenjoyable to unenjoyable (around 32%). Around 22% describe it as satisfactory.
The benefits of providing such an environment to LGBTI people also extend beyond the sporting field and fitness club to the wider community. A truly welcoming and inclusive sporting organisation is created, in which broad and meaningful health and well‑being outcomes are provided, and a fun, safe, respectful and fair sporting environment is provided to all members and supporters
“The Equal Play Study”: The Impact of Homophobic Bullying during Sport and Physical Education Participation on Same-SexAttracted and Gender-Diverse Young Australians’ Depression and Anxiety Levels, opens in a new tab, Caroline Symons, Grant O’Sullivan, Erika Borkoles, et al., Victoria University for the beyondblue Victorian Centre of Excellence, (March 2014).Same-sex attracted and gender diverse (SSAGD) youth who may or may not be open about their sexuality or gender identity, have reported significantly higher mental health and wellbeing concerns than heterosexual youth. Despite many SSAGD youth thriving in sport and physical education (PE) settings, homophobia and transphobia communicates to them that ‘they are not welcome here, which can prevent them from enjoying the many physical, mental and social health benefits of participation and to maintain lifelong participation. PE class was a particular concern for SSAGD youth, where verbal and physical abuse was reported more often than in other sport settings. Policy and curriculum writers, PE teachers and those who train PE teachers are well placed to provide a more inclusive educational environment for SSAGD youth. Casual homophobic language, such as ‘that’s so gay’ where the intention of the word ‘gay’ is not specifically a gay slur, was frequently reported in these settings, especially in PE. Many young SSAGD people found it distressing. Challenging such homophobic language is important for improving the sport and PE experiences of SSAGD youth and helps them to be accepted by their peers. The gendered nature of sport and PE provides challenges for gender diverse young people, and more focus should be placed on understanding their needs and on ways to encourage safer and more welcoming participation for this group.
Trans women’s experiences participating in sport, opens in a new tab, Lauryn Stewart, Paul O’Halloran, Jennifer Oates, Sport in Society, (5 August 2025). The 20 Australian transwomen who participated in this study provided the researchers with rich data indicating that sport can play an important role in the lives of many trans women, offering opportunities for improved physical health, reduced social isolation, and personal identity expression. However, participation in sport can also present significant challenges, including experiences of feeling unsafe and a lack of inclusivity. Given the potential impacts on mental health and the barriers to engagement, there is a pressing need for sporting bodies to implement more inclusive strategies, such as clear participation guidelines, trans-friendly spaces, and supportive team environments, to create equitable opportunities for all individuals.
Societal discrimination and mental health among transgender athletes: a systematic review and Meta-analysis, opens in a new tab, Alex Siu Wing Chan, Alston Choong, Kean Chang Phang, et al., BMC Psychology, Volume 12, Article 24, (January 2024). This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to examine the experiences of transgender athletes in sports, focusing on mental health issues and factors contributing to inequality among transgender and other sexual minorities. The meta-analysis of the 12 studies included in this review revealed that transgender athletes faced social discrimination and inequality in sports participation, resulting in mental health problems and higher rates of suicide. From a cohort of 21,565 participants in the studies, 7152 (33%) were subjected to discrimination in sports participation and healthcare, with a rate of 0.61. However, transgender athletes who felt welcomed and embraced by their respective teams accounted for 0.39. These results indicated significant differences between how transgender athletes are treated in healthcare settings and when participating in sports. The study findings underscore the need for policies, cultural research, and interventions to address discrimination and inequality faced by transgender athletes in sports participation. Promoting equality and safeguarding the rights of transgender athletes can mitigate the risk of mental health problems and increase physical activity among sexual minorities.
Barriers to Participation in Organized Physical Activity Among LGBTQ+ Youth: Differences by Sexual, Gender, and Racial Identities, opens in a new tab, Benjamin Parchem, Jonathan Poquiz, Ryan L. Rahm-Knigge, et al., Journal of Physical Activity and Health, Volume 21(7), pp.698-706, (2024). LGBTQ+ youth engage in organized physical activity to a lesser degree than their cisgender and heterosexual counterparts. Existing literature on this organized physical activity disparity is limited, particularly with LGBTQ+ youth samples. The current analysis examined individual and systemic barriers to organized physical activity for LGBTQ+ youth across sexual, gender, and racial identities. A subsample of LGBTQ+ students (N = 4566) from the 2021 Dane County Youth Assessment completed items that measured barriers to organized physical activity and systemic factors (ie, family money problems and bias-based bullying) associated with access to organized physical activity. More than half of the sample did not participate in organized physical activity. Four profiles of LGBTQ+ youth were discerned based on self-reported barriers: high barrier (8%), bullied (16%), low interest or perceived skills (28%), and low barrier (48%). The low-barrier class included a greater proportion of LGBTQ+ youth who identified as White, or cisgender, or heterosexual as well as youth self-reporting higher organized physical activity. The high-barrier and bullied classes comprised more marginalized gender and sexual identities. LGBTQ+ youth experience individual and systemic barriers to organized physical activity, including inequitable access and bullying, and barriers are uniquely experienced across sexual, gender, and racial identities.
Experiences of belonging and exclusion in sport and physical activity for individuals of diverse sexual orientation and gender identity (SOGI) in rural Australia, opens in a new tab, Oli Sophie Meredith, Chelsea Litchfield, Rylee A. Dionigi, et al., Sport in Society, Volume 27(7), pp.1022-1036, (2024). This qualitative study examined the sporting experiences of individuals of diverse sexual orientation and gender identity (SOGI) in rural and remote areas of Australia - contexts where marginalised groups can feel excluded based on gender or sexuality, and where physical activity options may be limited. Twelve participants (aged 29-73 years) identifying as female or gender fluid, and as queer, bisexual, gay, lesbian or pansexual, completed an online, qualitative survey. Thematic analysis and an integrative theory of belonging were used to interpret the experiences and feelings of belonging, exclusion and resistance to heteronormativity found in the data. The development of viable opportunities for sport participation and physical activities that foster a sense of belonging and health in rural or remote Australian communities requires strategies based on a deep understanding of the needs and identities of individuals of diverse SOGI, as well as the cultural and social contexts in which people live.
"I Get Treated Poorly in Regular School-Why Add To It?": Transgender Girls' Experiences Choosing to Play or Not Play Sports, opens in a new tab, DeChants, JP, Green, AE, Price MN, et al., Transgender Health, Volume 9(1), pp.61-67, (2024). Among respondents' answers about why they participate in sports, six codes were identified: physical health benefits, mental health benefits, fun, social connections, family expectations, and gender affirmation. Among respondents' answers about why they do not participate in sports, eight codes were identified: not interested in sports, gendered teams or spaces, not athletic, physical or mental health limitations, social discomfort around peer athletes, worsened gender dysphoria, bullying or harassment, and lack of resources or access. These codes were not mutually exclusive and many responses were tagged with multiple codes.
‘The tennis club is my safe space’: assessing the positive impact of playing tennis on LGBT+ people in Australia, opens in a new tab, R. Storr, J. Richards, Sport, Education and Society, Volume 29(5), pp.521-534, (2024). This article reports on a national study commissioned by Tennis Australia to assess the positive role that sport, specifically tennis, has on the lives of LGBT+ people in Australia. It explores specifically the role of tennis in building social solidarity and community capital through leisurely and organised sporting activities. To gain comprehensive insights into the perceptions and lived experiences of LGBT+ tennis players, we employed a qualitative research design drawing on the methods of semi-structured interviews, focus groups, and participant observation. In total 27 interviews were conducted, 3 focus groups and over 50 hours of observations at various LGBT+ tennis clubs and tournaments in Sydney, Hobart, Perth and Melbourne. Our paper makes a significant contribution to scholarship by assessing the ways in which sport can advance inclusion efforts for LGBT+ people, and positively impact their lives and overall wellbeing. Our research clearly indicated that those who play tennis reported improvement in their mental and physical health whilst also enhancing their social capital.
Team sports participation, depression, and suicidal ideation in lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning adolescents, opens in a new tab. David LaRocca, Katherine A. James, Sophie Rosenberg, et al., Psychology in the Schools, Volume 60(4), pp.902-911, (April 2023). Rates of depression and suicide are rising in adolescents, with lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning (LGBTQ) youth experiencing higher rates. We examined the relationship between team sports participation, depression, and suicidal ideation among a representative sample of adolescents (n = 46,537) in the Healthy Kids Colorado Survey. Logistic regression models using team sports participation to predict depression and suicidal ideation for heterosexual; lesbian, gay, bisexual, and questioning (LGBQ); cisgender; and transgender youth demonstrated that team sports participation was associated with reduced likelihood of depression in all groups and reduced likelihood of suicidal ideation in all groups except for LGBQ youth. These findings indicate that LGBTQ youth may experience similar mental health benefits of team sports participation as heterosexual and cisgender youth, supporting the importance of inclusive sports policy and programming.
Examining World Rugby's transgender ban and the perspectives of cisgender women who play rugby in England, Canada and Australia, opens in a new tab, Richard Pringle, Erik Denison, Chapter 6 in ‘Justice for Trans Athletes: Challenges and struggles’, Ali Durham Greey, Helen Jefferson Lenskyj (eds), Emerald Publishing, pp.75-94, (2023). This chapter critically examines the unprecedented 2020 decision by World Rugby's (WR) primarily male leadership (92% of board members) to ban transgender (trans) women from playing women's rugby union. We examined the process that was followed and found a lack of consultation with those directly impacted: women. To address this critical gap in the policy development process we conducted interviews and focus groups with cisgender female rugby players (junior to elite) of mixed ethnic backgrounds living in England, Canada and Australia. This was done with the support of rugby governing bodies and professional rugby teams. We found no support for WR's blanket ban. Rugby players felt the policy was a contradiction of rugby's claims it is a ‘game for all’. The minority of players with safety concerns supported exclusion on a case-by-case basis, with exclusion justified in a small number of narrowly defined circumstances (e.g. elite male players who transitioned recently). Importantly, the women and girls questioned why rugby's leaders had chosen to focus their energy on ‘protecting’ them from trans athletes but had ignored serious problems which cause them direct harm, such as a lack of funding, pervasive sexist and homophobic behaviour, sexual harassment, and substandard coaching and training facilities (relative to men). Our findings are consistent with and they support the position of women's sports organizations which have called on WR's male leaders to discard their blanket ban and undertake a rigorous, science-driven, collaborative policy development process.
Policing Gender and Sexuality in High School Sports: The Mediating Impact of Hearing Anti-LGBTQ + Language on High School Athletes’ Self-Esteem Across Gender Identity, Sexual Orientation, and Race, opens in a new tab, Laura Wernick , Derek Tice-Brown, Yannick Kluch, Journal of Sport and Social Issues, Volume 47(6), pp.504-534, (2023). Participation in sport is often assumed to promote the healthy development of youth. However, research suggests that gender and sexuality policing in sports negatively impacts the self-esteem of LGBTQ + youth. Using moderated mediation analyses, findings suggest that hyper-surveillance and policing of sexual and gender norms, specifically masculinity, through the use of anti-LGBTQ + language in sport not only marginalizes LGBTQ + individuals, but can harm all youth. Among straight cisgender youth, the conditional direct effect of playing sports on self-esteem was positive for only girls, across race, indicating a positive moderated mediation for girls. The positive effect of playing sports on self-esteem had a comparatively lower effect for white boys, when mediated by the frequency of hearing anti-LGBTQ + language. Implications are discussed.
Examining Pride Cups as a health promotion resource to address homophobia in Australian men’s sport, opens in a new tab, Justen O’Connor, Ruth Jeanes, Erik Denison, et al., Health Promotion International, Volume 37(5), (October 2022). Effective interventions are needed to stop homophobic behaviours in sport settings as these behaviours are associated with negative health and social outcomes for individuals who identify as Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer or other diverse genders and sexualities. This study explored the value of an intervention developed by Pride Cup Australia, widely adopted by Australian community sport clubs. The charity provides education and helps clubs host a rainbow-themed ‘pride game’. The study compared the homophobic language used by male participants at six clubs that had implemented a Pride Cup, with participants at six clubs which had not. Homophobic attitudes and confidence to react negatively to homophobia were also compared. Participants at clubs that adopted the intervention used less homophobic language in the previous 2 weeks than at the comparison clubs (11% vs. 31.8%) and were half as likely to report their teammates had used this language (25.9% vs. 56.6%). It is unclear if differences were caused by the Pride Cup intervention or some other factor (i.e. teams that agreed to host Pride Cup were already more supportive of LGBTQ+). Given grassroots support for this potentially promising intervention, larger scale studies are needed to confirm these findings.
Engaged or excluded: LGBTQ youth's participation in school sports and their relationship to psychological well‐being, opens in a new tab, Clark, CM, Kosciw, JG, Psychology in the Schools, Volume 59(1), pp.95-114, (January 2022). Sports participation has been shown to positively affect youth well‐being. However, research has also shown that sports environments can be unsafe for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) youth. Using data from a large study on school‐related experiences of LGBTQ secondary students who reported on their extracurricular activities in school, (N= 15,813), this study examined LGBTQ youth's participation in school sports, the effects of participation on well‐being and school belonging, and whether any such benefits of participation varied by transgender status and gender binary identity. Over a quarter of LGBTQ respondents in our study had participated in school sports, and being transgender and being nonbinary were related to a lower likelihood of sports participation. Transgender males and transgender nonbinary youth had the lowest likelihood of sports participation. In general, LGBTQ youth who participated in sports had increased well‐being and greater school belonging. However, in regard to self‐esteem, transgender nonbinary youth appeared to have greater benefit from participating in sports than did their transgender male and transgender female peers. Considering these results, schools have a responsibility to ensure that school sports are safe and welcoming for LGBTQ youth.
‘Game to play?’: barriers and facilitators to sexuality and gender diverse young people's participation in sport and physical activity, opens in a new tab, R. Storr, L. Nicholas, K. Robinson, et al., Sport, Education and Society, Volume 27(5), pp.604-617, (2022). This study reports on 13 semi-structured interviews with young SAGD people aged 18–24 in Australia that explore their attitudes to and experiences of sport and physical activity. We found that SAGD young people are ‘game to play’: they hold strong desires to participate in sport and physical activity, and articulated how sport could be more inclusive. Using Bourdieu's concept of ‘capital’, we outline how young SAGD people identify sport as a ‘field’ that requires and fosters various types of capital. We explore barriers they identified that prevent the accumulation of physical and social capital associated with sport participation and physical activity, and their insights for how this may be fostered. The ‘field’ of sport presents as an exclusionary environment, which allows for both explicit bullying and more subtle discriminatory practices. Passive assimilation approaches are not enough to provoke substantial change and active intervention is required to decentre the heteronormativity underpinning these spaces, which has implications for policy and practice to advance the inclusion of SAGD young people in sporting environments.
Gay men, well-being, and sport participation: A phenomenological analysis, opens in a new tab, Jake Quinton [thesis], Brock University, (2022). There is a growing interest among scholars and practitioners in LGBTQ+ experiences in sport and leisure. While much of this work has examined homophobia and negative experiences, few studies have examined positive sport experiences of LGBTQ+ athletes. To add to that growing body of literature, the purpose of this study was to explore how gay men navigate potentially stressful environments and derive experiences of well-being, and to gather phenomenological accounts of how gay men derive and experience well-being through sports participation despite the stressful environment they may represent for LGBTQ+ athletes. Specifically, I explored how minority stress theory can provide a deeper understanding of the role stressors play in how gay men derive experiences of well-being through sport participation. Using a phenomenological approach, data were collected through semi-structured interviews with nine gay men between the ages of 32 and 43. Themes that capture the overall phenomenon were constructed. These were Craving Community: Reconciling Past Experiences, Sports and Living Authentically, and Sports as an Escape. The data demonstrated the complexity of the gay men's experiences of well-being and allowed me to explore participants' similar and unique experiences in sport more deeply. The findings highlight the ways in which gay men derive well-being from sports participation and the roles stressors play in how they derive that well-being. This study provides a deeper theoretical understanding of the experiences of gay men participating in sports, as well as highlighting how gay men derive positive outcomes from these experiences.
On the outside looking in: Trans identity experiences in and through UK sport participation, opens in a new tab, Gibbs-Nicholls, Sophie, Mellick, Mikel, Sport & Exercise Psychology Review, 17(1), pp.87-100, (2022). Using interpretative phenomenological analysis, this study utilised semi-structured interviews with five trans participants in sport to explore their lived experiences of ‘inclusive’ sport participation. The potential role for sport psychologists in promoting and supporting trans sports participants’ overall sense of perceived inclusion and belonging was also considered. Analysis revealed three core themes: the experience of personal acceptance of identity and social inclusion, the ‘internal’ battle between identity and expression, and the changing role that sport played during gender affirmation as a facilitative and or debilitative coping resource. The findings indicate areas in which sport psychologists can better support and enhance the gender affirmation experience of trans participants in sport by improving feelings of inclusiveness (social support), a sense of acceptance and promoting overall mental wellbeing. This research is particularly useful for practitioners, coaches and other athletes for understanding the supportive role sport can play throughout the gender affirmation process.
Queering Indoor Swimming in the UK: Transgender and Non-binary wellbeing, opens in a new tab, Jayne Caudwell, Journal of Sport and Social Issues, Volume 46(4), pp.338-362, (2022). This paper draws from a research project that was initiated in 2017 and continued in to 2020. It followed on from previous University-LGBT + community projects (e.g., football versus homophobia 2012–2018) and involved working with a local transgender social group, specifically, their engagement with once-a-month recreational swim sessions. The research findings that are discussed come from sixty-three research participant's ‘drawings’, three focus groups including a professionally drawn illustration of two of these focus groups, and nine semi-structured interviews. The analysis of the qualitative data demonstrates the significance of play and pleasure, feeling free, and transgender and non-binary imaginations to physical activity participation, and wellbeing. These three themes are presented through the lens of queer/queering and transfeminism. As such, the paper has two aims: to document the experiences of physical activity by an often-excluded group; and to evaluate the concept of queering to an understanding of indoor recreational swimming and wellbeing.
Why do sports fans support or oppose the inclusion of trans women in women’s sports? An empirical study of fairness and gender identity, opens in a new tab, Jamie Cleland, Ellis Cashmore, Kevin Dixon, Sport in Society, Volume 25(12), pp.2381-2396, (2022). An online survey of views on trans women competing in women’s sports was promoted across over 150 sports fan websites across the world (including in the UK, US, Australia, Canada and Europe) with responses received from 4113 sports fans (55% of whom self-identified as female, 25% male, 7% non-binary and 13% preferred not to say. 26% were aged 18–29, 26% were aged 30–39, 24% were aged 40–49, 17% were aged 50–59 and 7% were aged 60+). In presenting the data we draw on two recurring themes – gender identity and fairness – to explain the contrasting views surrounding the traditional gendered organization of sports. The overall findings are that just over half of our male and female participants are against the inclusion of trans women, with non-binary participants more supportive and those who preferred not to disclose their gender identity less supportive. The article concludes by suggesting that whilst there is evidence of progressive attitudes amongst our participants, there is also strong resistance to trans women competing in women’s sports that is primarily related to the perceived retention of an unfair biological advantage by being assigned male at birth.
Volunteering among Older Lesbian and Gay Adults: Associations with Mental, Physical and Social Well-Being, opens in a new tab, Anthony Lyons, Beatrice Alba, Andrea Waling, et al., Journal of Aging and Health, Volume 33(1-2), (January 2021). Volunteering is associated with positive well-being among older people, providing opportunities to stay active and socially connected. This may be especially relevant for older lesbian and gay people, who are less likely than heterosexual people to have a partner, children or support from their family of origin. Patterns of volunteering and mental, physical and social well-being were examined in a sample of 754 lesbian and gay adults in Australia aged 60 years and older who completed a nationwide survey. Volunteers reported greater positive mental health than non-volunteers. Among the gay men, volunteers additionally reported higher self-rated health and social support and lower psychological distress. Both the lesbian women and gay men who volunteered for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender or intersex (LGBTI) organisations also reported greater LGBTI community connectedness than volunteers for non-LGBTI organisations.
Football, Media, and Homophobia: Public Framing of the First Pride Game in the Australian Football League, opens in a new tab, Merryn Sherwood, Alex Donaldson, Suzanne Dyson, Communication and Sport, Volume 8(4-5), pp.545-565, (August 2020). Two Australian football clubs—St Kilda and the Sydney Swans—played the first Pride Game in Australian professional sport in 2016 to support and include the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, intersex, and queer (LGBTIQ) community at and through a major sporting event. This study examines the framing of this game in the print and online media and in public responses via comments on media coverage and comments on Facebook posts. The framing of both the media coverage and the public response was predominantly supportive, with the theme of the “inclusion,” of gay Australian Football League players and the broader LGBTIQ community, prominent. However, there was a significant difference in the frames used in media coverage compared to the public response to this coverage. There was a relatively high proportion of unsupportive comments (e.g., a “stick to football” theme), including pernicious homophobia, present, particularly in the public response, compared to other recent related research. Overall, the findings suggest that, while there was strong support for the Pride Game, homophobia in sport remains, and the media, particularly social media, can be a platform for its expression.
The Well-Being of LGBTQ Youth Athletes, opens in a new tab, The Trevor Project, (August 2020). Although LGBTQ youth are less likely to participate in sports than their straight and cisgender peers, their involvement in sports is associated with similar positive and negative factors. The Trevor Project found that transgender and nonbinary youth (TGNB) were nearly half as likely to report sports participation compared to cisgender lesbian, gay, bisexual, queer, and questioning (LGBQ) youth. One in three LGBTQ youth who participated in sports reported their grades as being mostly A’s compared to one in four LGBTQ youth who did not participate in sports. The relationship between grades and sports participation was found among both TGNB youth, with 27% of TGNB youth who participated in sports reporting mostly A’s compared to 19% who did not and cisgender LGBQ youth, with 36% of those who participated in sports reporting mostly A’s compared to 27% who did not.
LGBTQ youth who participated in sports reported nearly 20% lower rates of depressive symptoms compared to those who did not. However, when examined within groups, sports participation was only related to lower rates of depressive symptoms among cisgender LGBQ youth, with no significant relationship found between sports participation and depressive symptoms for TGNB youth.
In line with findings found among the broader U.S. populations of high school students, LGBTQ youth who participated in sports reported higher rates of recent alcohol use than LGBTQ youth who did not participate in sports. LGBTQ athletes were 30% more likely to report drinking alcohol in the past 30 days compared to those who did not participate in sports. The association between sports participation and increased alcohol use was found among both TGNB and cisgender LGBQ youth.
The Power of Recognition: A Qualitative Study of Social Connectedness and Wellbeing through LGBT Sporting, Creative and Social Groups in Ireland, opens in a new tab, Nerilee Ceatha, Paula Mayock, Jim Campbell, et al., International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Volume 16(19), (September 2019). The broad research consensus suggesting substantial vulnerabilities among lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) communities may fail to recognize the protective factors available to these populations. The sparse literature on mental health promotion highlights the importance of understanding strengths-based community approaches that promote LGBT wellbeing. Informed by the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion, underpinned by Honneth’s Theory of Recognition, this paper outlines the findings of a qualitative Irish study on LGBT social connectedness through a diverse range of sporting, creative and social interests. Ten in-depth interviews were conducted with 11 people (including one couple) who self-identified as lesbian (5), gay (4), bisexual (1) and transgender (1) aged between 22 and 56 years. The theme of ‘connecting’ emphasized the shared nature of activities, with like-minded others through groups established by, and for, LGBT communities. Messages from the study reinforce the central role of LGBT communities in the promotion of mental health and social wellbeing, with important policy and practice implications. This requires the contextualization of the contribution of LGBT communities within understandings of social justice, identity and recognition.
LGBTQ+ Youth’s Experiences and Engagement in Physical Activity: A Comprehensive Content Analysis, opens in a new tab, Scott Greenspan, Catherine Griffith, Ryan Watson, Adolescent Research Review, Volume 4, pp.169-185, (February 2019). Research suggests that sexual and gender minority (e.g., lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer and questioning; LGBTQ+) youth report avoiding physical activity settings (e.g., physical education class, locker rooms, and sport fields) due to feeling both unsafe and uncomfortable. These feelings and experiences might deter LGBTQ+ youth from achieving well-documented physical, cognitive, and social-emotional benefits that are often associated with physical activity and sport involvement. A 20-year (1998–2018) content analysis methodology was employed to obtain a more detailed understanding of LGBTQ+ youth’s participation and engagement in physical activity and sport. Minimal literature was obtained (n = 13 studies), along with an overall pattern that sexual minority youth engage in less physical activity than other populations of students. This disparity was more conclusive for sexual minority males then sexual minority females. One study was inclusive of transgender youth and suggested that transgender youth participated in sport to a similar degree as their cisgender peers; though overall, transgender youth felt less safe in typically gender-segregated spaces such as bathrooms and locker rooms. This review shines light on discrepancies of engagement and feelings of safety in the physical activity and sport context among LGBTQ+ youth. This review further delineates methodological characteristics of the yielded studies as a means to comprehensively review this body of literature.
Barriers and facilitators of physical activity and sport participation among young transgender adults who are medically transitionin, opens in a new tabg, Bethany Alice Jones, Jon Arcelus, Walter Pierre Bouman, et al., International Journal of Transgenderism, Volume 18(2), pp.227-238, (2017). Transgender people (those who feel incongruence between the gender they were assigned at birth and their gender identity) engage in lower levels of physical activity compared to cisgender (non-transgender) people. Several factors have been shown to affect physical activity engagement in the cisgender population; however, the physical activity experiences of young transgender adults have not been explored. It is therefore the aim of the current study to understand what factors are associated with physical activity and sport engagement in young transgender adults who are medically transitioning. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 14 young transgender adults (18–36 years) who had initiated their medical transition at a transgender health service in the United Kingdom. The data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Two main themes were identified: (1) barriers and (2) facilitators to physical activity and sport. Overall, the young transgender adults were insufficiently active due to inadequate changing facilities, body dissatisfaction, fears surrounding “passing” and not being accepted by others. At the same time, participants were motivated to engage in physical activity to increase their body satisfaction and gender congruence. However, participants felt there was a lack of safe and comfortable spaces to engage in physical activity and sport.
The impacts of discriminatory experiences on lesbian, gay and bisexual people in sport, opens in a new tab, Symons, Caroline, O'Sullivan, Grant and Polman, Remco, Annals of Leisure Research, Volume 20(4), pp.467-489, (2017). This study examines the nature and impact of sexist and homophobic discrimination experienced by lesbians, gays and bisexuals (LGB) in Australian sporting settings. A mixed methods online survey was utilised to collate participant experiences. The findings suggest that, in sport, participants experienced sexism directly and systemically, and homophobia explicitly and implicitly. Women experienced sexism and homophobia, whilst men reported more homophobic events. The most mentioned impacts of discrimination were negative emotions such as sadness, anger, distress and shame, followed by negative engagement with sport such as disliking sport, or avoiding or leaving sport. The well recognised benefits of sport such as physical and mental wellbeing, social connections, enjoyment, positive identity and achievement may be more difficult to realise within this context of significant social stress.
Physical Activity Disparities in Heterosexual and Sexual Minority Youth Ages 12–22 Years Old: Roles of Childhood Gender Nonconformity and Athletic Self-Esteem, opens in a new tab, Jerel Calzo, Andrea Roberts, Heather Corliss, et al., Annals of Behavioral Medicine, Volume 47(1), pp.17-27, (February 2014). The aim of this study is to examine adolescent and young adult hours/week of moderate/vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and team sports participation by sexual orientation and investigate contributions of gender nonconformity and low athletic self-esteem to possible sexual orientation differences. Analysis of data from 5,272 males and 7,507 females from 1999 to 2005 waves of the US Growing Up Today Study (ages 12–22 years). Sexual minorities (i.e., lesbian, gay, bisexual, mostly heterosexual) reported 1.21–2.62 h/week less MVPA (p < 0.01) and were 46–76 % less likely to participate in team sports than same-gender heterosexuals. Gender nonconformity and athletic self-esteem accounted for 46–100 % of sexual orientation MVPA differences.
Creating and Sustaining Workplace Cultures Supportive of LGBT Employees in College Athletics, opens in a new tab, George Cunningham, Journal of Sport Management, Volume 29(4), pp.426-442, (2014). The purpose of this study was to understand (a) how participants conceptualized lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) inclusiveness in their athletic departments, (b) the antecedents of such workplace environments, and (c) the outcomes associated with inclusion. To do so, the author conducted a collective case study of two college athletic departments located in the U.S. Northeast. Participants described the athletic departments as characterized by community and cohesion, respect and inclusion, and success oriented. Various antecedents contributed to these workplace environments, including those at the individual level, leader behaviors, inclusive organizational policies, and macro-level influences. Finally, while some negative outcomes were identified, LGBT inclusion was predominantly associated with a host of positive outcomes for the employees, athletes, and organizations as a whole.
Exploring the relationship between homosexuality and sport among the teammates of a small, Midwestern Catholic college soccer team, opens in a new tab, Adams A and Anderson E, Sport, Education and Society, Volume 17(3), pp.347-363, (2012). Openly gay male athletes are still rare in organised, competitive team sports. In this action research the principle researchers explore the effect of a gay male soccer player coming out to his teammates. Although the authors do not suggest their results are generalisable; their guided discussions with two gay players and other team members appeared to open up players’ perspectives on homosexuality and this led to better social cohesion within the team.
Well Played, opens in a new tab, Twenty10 inc GLCS NSW, Vimeo, (2020). A short film highlighting the importance of diversity and inclusion in sport and physical activity and the positive impact it has on young people's health and wellbeing.
Pride Cup: harnessing the power of sport, opens in a new tab, AFL Women's, YouTube, (25 June 2019). From humble beginnings as a rainbow 50m line, the Pride Cup has grown and grown, to send a strong message of hope, inclusion and acceptance to LGBTI+.
Diversity is an advantage at Loton Park Tennis Club, opens in a new tab, Tennis Australia, YouTube, (21 December 2018). Award-winning Loton Park Tennis Club, based in Perth, Western Australia openly welcomes all participants who identify as LGBTQ+. Their motto is “Diversity is our advantage”. Members of the club have the opportunity to participate in league competitions, social play, Come and Try Days and many other events. Loton Park Tennis Club has strong relationships with other local sports organisations, sharing resources and events.
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