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Family

Parents are generally the strongest role models for their children’s participation in sport and physical activity.

Parents are generally the most influential role models and have the strongest impact on their children’s participation (or non-participation) in sport and physical activity. 1, 37, 38, 39, 40

When parents are active, their children are much more likely to be active. 38, 39, 41, 42, 43

Other family members, especially siblings, are also key role models. 13, 14, 17, 44 In the 2019 Suncorp Australian Youth and Confidence Research the number one reason for starting to play sport in the first place was because friends and siblings were playing. 45

In 2024, the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) reported that the median age of Australian parents was 32.1 years for mothers and 33.9 for fathers, continuing an upward trend in median parental age over the last decade. 46 AusPlay data for 2024, showed that people aged 35-44 years (most likely to be parents of young children) were more motivated to participate in sport and physical activity to be a good role model or to encourage others to participate than other age groups. 20

As in many aspects of sport, gender may also have an impact. Some research indicates a strong correlation between same gender caregivers and children (e.g. mothers as role models for daughters; fathers for sons). 39, 47 However, other research, indicates that both boys and girls can find males (fathers, uncles, brothers) more impactful as role models for sport participation, possibly due to traditional gender roles and expectations. 2, 16, 37, 48, 49

  • Adolescents in a study of girls and parents from Middel Eastern backgrounds, published in 2024, consistently identified their family as positive role models for physical activity behaviours. Male family figures (e.g. fathers and uncles) were more frequently identified as role models than female family members, demonstrating how traditional gender roles and family dynamics often make men more visible in active positions and can influence young peoples' perceptions of physical activity. 48
  • In a 2023 study with 19 Canadian men aged 75 years and older, role models associated with positive aging, sport, exercise, and health practices were more likely to be similar in age to the participants, of the same gender (i.e. male), alive at the time of the interview, and were family members or close acquaintances. 50
  • In the 2022 Black Diamonds report that investigated netball in Western Australia participants who spoke about role models were most likely to talk about Indigenous or familial role models, such as growing up watching their mothers or aunties playing. 2
  • In a 2019 survey of young people in the United Kingdom family members were consistently reported as key role models. Mothers topped the list (67%), followed by fathers (60%), but grandparents (41%) and siblings (38%) also ranked highly. 13

Resources and reading

  • How can we use role models to help inspire our sporting children?, opens in a new tab Gordon MacLelland, Working with Parents in Sport, (17 May 2019). Role models can act as a tremendous source of inspiration for all individuals. None more so than for our children who look up to so many different people during their formative years, as they form their own personal identity and beliefs.
  • Parents Making Youth Sports a Positive Experience: Role Models, opens in a new tab, Daniel Francis Perkins, PennState Extension, (20 October 2017). The atmosphere set by organizations, parents, and coaches is a major factor in determining whether or not youth will have a positive experience in a sports program. This bulletin is written to assist parents in fostering a positive climate that enables children and youth involved in sports to enjoy them-selves and reach their full potential. It focuses on the benefits and risks of youth sports, discusses parents as role models, and provides practical tips for parents.

  • AusPlay data portal: Motivations for participation, opens in a new tab, Australian Sports Commission, (accessed 22 January 2026). Data from the AusPlay survey estimates the percentage of Australians, over the age of 15 years, who were motivated to participate in sport or physical activity to be a good role model / encourage others to participate. In 2024:
    • Just over 9% of people overall were motivated by being a role model.
    • Across the age categories, this motivation was strongest for people aged 35-44 years (14%) and dropped rapidly for people aged 55 years and older (6.3% for those aged 55-64 years and 4.1% for those 65+).
    • For those with children 19.6% of those with younger families (most children under 15 years) were motivated to be role models. This motivation decreased as children became older (16.8% where there was an equal number of children over and under 15 years; and 8.4% for families where most children were over 15 years).
    • 14.9% of those engaged in home duties were motivated to be a good role model, higher than any other employment category (e.g. full or part-time, casual or unemployed).
  • Black Diamonds Report, opens in a new tab, Glass Jar, (April 2022). This review took place between February 2021 and February 2022. The dominant method of data collection was Yarning Circles, a uniquely Aboriginal methodology, with four stakeholder groups, across two phases. Report highlights that many participants enjoyed coaching, mentoring, or being a role model (5th most common motivator for participation), and that they were inspired by role models in netball (6th most common motivator). The majority of participants who spoke about role models talked about Indigenous or familial role models, whether that was in reference to growing up on the side of the court watching their mum or aunties play, being exposed to other Indigenous players or coaches, or watching/interacting with elite level Indigenous athletes.
  • Role models and their influence on children and young people’s reading, opens in a new tab, Aimee Cole, Ariadne Brown, Christina Clark and Irene Picton, National Literacy Trust, (October 2022). Role models are an important influence in children and young people’s lives. Indeed, our data show that the percentage of children and young people who say they have a role model has increased over the past decade, from 78.0% in 2009 to 93.4% in 2019. This report looks at children and young people’s role models more closely to identify who they look up to, and what seeing their role model read would make them think or feel.
    • The most popular role models were mums (67.4%); dads (60.2%); followed by YouTuber (52.6%); friends (51.9%); Grandparent (41.2%); sibling (38.3%); teacher (36.5%); footballer (29.8%); other sportsperson (25.9%); sports coach (22.2%).
    • Girls were more likely to look up to people they were in direct contact with, such as their mum (76.0% vs 61.9% of boys) or friends (61.5% vs 44.6% of boys). Boys were more likely to look up to YouTubers (57.9% vs 47.9% of girls) and sportspeople (30.6% vs 22.0% of girls).
  • Keeping Girls in the Game: Factors that Influence Sport Participation, opens in a new tab, Zarrett, N., Veliz, P.T., and Sabo, D. Women’s Sports Foundation, (2020). This report explores how key characteristics of youth (intrapersonal), their social influences (e.g., interpersonal parent and peer factors), and experiences within the sport setting may vary by gender, age, race/ethnicity, family socioeconomic background, and region. The survey was administered to a nationally representative sample of American boys and girls (N=3,041) between the ages of 7-17 and their parents (N=3,041) to inquire about child‑related, sport-related, and systemic factors expected to influence youth access, experiences, and motivations for initial participation (entrance) and sustained/continued participation in sport. Key findings included: Disparities persist; Parents play multiple roles in supporting or hindering their girls' participation in sport; gender stereotypes in sport prevail; importance of role models, "if you can see it, you can be it"; sport can help build positive body image; coaches shape the sport experience; some girls live for competition, and some girls are in it for the fun; cost, transportation, and lack of access keep youth out; maintaining a love of sport (overcoming competing interests) is key to continued participation; and, there is a need to educate parents about the academic benefits of participation.
  • Australian kids need active, sporty parents - 2017, Australian Sports Commission, (2017). Research from the Australian Sports Commission (ASC) shows active parents are more likely to have active kids. AusPlay collects data from only one randomly selected parent and only one randomly selected child in the same household. This report therefore does not consider the influence of both parents on child participation.
    • 72% of children who had at least one active parent were physically active in organised sport or physical activity outside of school compared to just 53% of children with at least one inactive parent.
    • Nearly 90% of children with at least one parent who played and volunteered in sport were active in organised sport or physical activity outside of school.
    • Those parents who only played without being involved as a volunteer in sport were also much more likely to have active children compared to those parents who were not involved at all.
    • While the activity habits of parents influenced whether a child was active or not, there was also a link between parents’ sports preferences and what their children did. 31% of children participated in the same sport or physical activity as one of their parent’s. Where at least one parent played a club sport, 50% of children also played that same sport.

  • Parental modelling has a sustainable effect on offspring’s physical activity: the SOPHYA cohort, opens in a new tab, Bettina Bringolf-Isler, Johanna Hänggi, Bengt Kayser, et al., BMC Public Health, Volume 25, article 3435, (2025). This analysis embedded in the longitudinal SOPHYA cohort investigates whether mother’s and father’s measured or reported physical activity (PA) is cross-sectionally and predictively associated with their offspring’s measured or reported PA behavior. It assesses whether this association is independent of socioeconomic and physical neighborhood characteristics. In the population-based SOPHYA cohort, a sub-sample of 356 children and adolescents aged 6 to 16 at the onset were asked to wear accelerometers for 7 days at baseline (2014) and follow-up (2019). In parallel, valid parental accelerometer data was obtained at baseline. Information on children’s, adolescent’s and parent’s sports club and cycling habits as well as parental support was available from self-reported questionnaires answered during the accelerometry weeks. Having a mother who meets PA guidelines for moderate and vigorous activity (MVPA) was predictively associated with children’s MVPA at follow-up. Children of cycling fathers were also less likely to be active below median MVPA at both assessments. The predictive positive associations of mother’s meeting PA guidelines and father’s cycling with their children’s MVPA depended on the child’s sex. Parental role modelling influences children’s PA behavior in a sustainable and sex-specific manner from childhood to young adulthood. PA interventions for parents have the potential for transgenerational benefits. Neither parent’s sports club membership nor regularly doing sports with the child were associated with children’s PA. Mother’s meeting PA guideline effect was stronger if the child was the daughter, whereas father’s cycling effect was stronger if the child was the son. Excess weight in fathers was associated with an increased likelihood of their child becoming inactive during follow-up and with a lower likelihood of their child being active at both assessment time points. Mother’s overweight was not associated with the child’s PA after adjustment for SEP and PE.
  • The Influence of role models on participation in sport and physical activity among young males and females in Ireland, opens in a new tab, Eimear Kelly, Katie Liston, Kieran Dowd, et al., European Journal of Public Health, Volume 34(Supplement 2), (2024). Two sporting role model (RM) questions were included in the 2022 All Island Children’s Sport Participation and Physical Activity Study (CSPPA) Study. The sample included 5,815 participants (aged 10-19 years) from primary (N = 2,265) and post primary (N = 3,551) schools. Binary logistic regression was used to determine the relationship between RMs, such as parents, coaches, and sports stars with physical activity (PA) and sport participation (SP). The most popular sporting RMs across all youth are sports stars, coaches, Dad’s and friends. Sports stars, Dad’s, and coaches were most influential on PA and SP. Male and female youth with sports star RMs were on average twice as likely to meet PA guidelines and play sport weekly, the latter stronger for males. All youth appear to select sports star RMs in the sport they play, while males are more likely to choose male and international sports stars and females are equally likely to choose male and female, and Irish rather than international sports stars as RMs.
  • Mothers and sportsmen: The gendered and racialised nature of role model selection for Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander youths, opens in a new tab, Michael Andre Guerzoni, Jacob Prehn, Huw Peacock, Australian Journal of Social Issues, Volume 59(2), pp.281-296, (2024). This article seeks to understand who Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children select as role models, and the reasons underlying these choices. Drawing data from Wave 8 of the Longitudinal Study of Indigenous Children, it comprises a sample of 307 children (169 male and 138 female) aged between 10.5 and 12 years at the time of data collection. Content analysis was used to analyse survey responses regarding two questions pertaining to role models, the analytical process being underpinned by Indigenous standpoint theory. The findings show that participants tended to select role models correlating with their gender and who were Indigenous or people of colour. For boys, most selected Indigenous sportsmen, whilst girls more evenly selected mothers, women from the entertainment industry, and sportswomen. The reasons why these individuals were selected were similar for boys and girls: the role model's ability, mastery and/or competency in a given field. These findings are important for educators and schools in guiding Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander youths in their educational and career choices, and for policymakers in creating campaigns and pathways into fields where Indigenous persons are underrepresented.
  • Participation in physical activity and sport in adolescent girls from Middle Eastern backgrounds, opens in a new tab, Nariman Dennaoui, Gregory S. Kolt, Justin M. Guagliano, et al., Ethnicity and Health, Volume 29(7), pp.756-773, (2024). This study investigated the barriers and facilitators to physical activity and sport participation among adolescent girls from Middle Eastern backgrounds. These factors were explored through the perspectives of 18 adolescent girls and 9 parents of adolescent girls, all of Middle Eastern backgrounds, living in Western Sydney, Australia. Data were collected through five focus groups and four one-on-one interviews, separated for girls and parents. Three main themes (family, social support, religion and culture) and nine subthemes were identified. The main facilitators for physical activity and sport included the values and presence of an active family role model, religion to encourage lifelong physical activity skills, and promotion of physical activity from peers, school, and social media. The predominant barriers to physical activity and sport included established cultural norms and traditional gender roles, which were often influenced by religion and culture, and extended time using technology.
    • Adolescents in this study consistently identified their family as role models of positive physical activity behaviours, consistent with previous research. Male family figures (e.g. fathers and uncles) were more frequently identified as role models than female family members, highlighting how traditional gender roles and family dynamics often make men more visible in active positions and can influence young peoples' perceptions of PA.
  • Youth-led community street sport in practice: balancing programme intentions and peer leadership, opens in a new tab, Julie H. Christensen, Clara Heinze, Mette L. Kurtzhals, et al., Sport, Education and Society, (September 2024). Peer-led sport programmes can provide supportive social relations and opportunities for role modelling and identification. These features can support the inclusion of groups who usually do not participate in sport activities and provide an environment that fosters personal and social development. However, it is important to assess the implementation of peer-led activities to understand whether such potentials are fulfilled. Therefore, we investigated the quality of delivery of peer-led street sport activities implemented by the street sport organisation GAME. We conducted 49 observations at 15 different peer-led street sport activities delivered in low-resource neighbourhoods. We compared peer leader practices with the intentions of the programme as described in the programme logic model and explored influences on delivery in the physical and social setting. Quantitative data showed that pedagogical competencies (‘role modelling’, ‘body language’ and ‘conflict management’) scored highest for quality of delivery. Sport instruction elements, particularly the categories ‘technique’ and ‘instruction’, scored lower. The qualitative analysis suggested that programme features and structure as well as the (mostly outdoor) community setting influenced the possibility of peer leaders for implementing the programme as intended. Peer leaders were often observed to function as role models, mostly in a prosocial manner, although role modelling was also observed to not support programme intentions. The study provided insight into some of the challenges in and potentials inherent to peer-led sport activities in the setting of low-resource neighbourhoods where youth peer leaders are responsible for implementation.
  • Motivations to be active in club-based sport compared to fitness centres, opens in a new tab, Rochelle Eime, Jack Harvey, Adam Karg, et al., Managing Sport and Leisure, (August 2023). The aim of this study was to identify the motivations to engage in organised club-based sport and activity through fitness centres. Two surveys were conducted, of Australian adults, those playing sport or who were active through fitness centres. 4,509 adult survey respondents reported their motivations for participating in sport clubs (n = 3824) or fitness centres (n = 685). There were many significant differences in the motivations between the two groups. Overall, sport club participants were significantly more likely to report fun and enjoyment, and social reasons for a motivation to play compared to fitness centre users. The fitness centre users were significantly more likely than the sport club participants to report physical health or fitness, to lose weight/keep weight off/tone and for psychological/mental health/therapy. Sport club participants were also more likely to report being motivated to be a good role model/to encourage others to participate and to learn a new skill (26% v 17% of fitness centre users).
  • Ideas for action: Exploring strategies to address body image concerns for adolescent girls involved in sport, opens in a new tab, Alyona Koulanova, Catherine M. Sabiston, Eva Pila, et al., Psychology of Sport and Exercise, Volume 56, (2021). The purpose of this qualitative study was to identify feasible and realistic strategies to mitigate and address body image concerns for adolescent girls involved in team sports at recreational or competitive levels. Seventy-one participants were involved in individual interviews across sport stakeholder groups, including 20 girl athletes, 11 parents of girl athletes, 13 coaches, 13 referees, and 14 sport administrators. Using a thematic analysis approach, 35 actionable strategies were identified that spanned four main themes: eliminating body image stigma, reconsidering uniforms and sport attire, from top to bottom - everyone has a role, and body-positive role modelling. Participants specifically discussed role models in two categories, proximal and distal:
    • Proximal role models were individuals who directly interact with a person/athlete on a regular basis, such as parents and coaches. As role models they can express both positive or negative attitudes, behaviours, or communication.
    • Distal role models were generally individuals who with level of seniority or prestige in sport (e.g. notable or celebrity athletes).
    • The authors also highlighted that everyone has a role (e.g. parents, coaches, administrators, and referees) in identifying and modelling body-positive role models through acting as role models themselves, facilitating mentorship opportunities, and/or presenting diverse media content focussing on skill rather than appearance.
  • Immigrant and Swedish adolescents’ involvement in organized sports activities: an expectancy-value approach, opens in a new tab, Darun Jaf, Metin Özdemir, Therése Skoog, BMC Psychology, Volume 9, article number 12, (2021). Immigrant and Nordic adolescents (N = 678), in 7th–8th grade, were followed over two consecutive years and responded to surveys during regular class hours. Supporting Eccles’ model, we found that sports-related family co-activities significantly predicted youth’s prospective sports-related behaviors through youth’s sports’ values. The mediation process was robust across both Nordic and immigrant youth and adolescent girls and boys. Further, our results revealed that parents’ role modeling of sports activities was linked to both the amount of time youth currently spend on sports and their continuation in sports through youth’s sports’ values, although these associations were only significant for immigrant youth.
  • Barriers and facilitators of sport and physical activity for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children and adolescents: a mixed studies systematic review, opens in a new tab, Tamara May, Amanda Dudley, James Charles, et al., BMC Public Health, Volume 20, Article no.601, (2020). This study was focused on a comprehensive identification of barriers and facilitators at each level of the social-ecological model. From this process, gender and geographic location emerged as areas in which individual engagement with PA and sport was highly influenced by environmental, community, and policy factors. At the interpersonal level having family and friends who were active was one of the most commonly reported facilitators; and if they were inactive this was a barrier. This highlights the importance of participation in sport/PA for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander adults, in that they act as role models for children. Programs which offer sporting participation options for all family members (children, adolescents and adults), which appeal to males and females, are accessible through existing transport and related infrastructure, and are committed to communities through formal partnerships are needed.
  • The continued importance of family sport culture for sport participation during the teenage years, opens in a new tab, Åse Strandbu, Anders Bakken, Kari Stefansen, Sport, Education and Society, Volume 25(8), pp.931-945, (2020). Growing up in a family with an affinity for sports increases the likelihood of participating in club-organised sports. Few studies to date have addressed whether the importance of family sport culture is stable or changes during the teenage years. This article examines the association between family sport culture and participation in club-organised sports during teenage years and whether it differs between boys and girls. We utilise data from Norway and the comprehensive ‘Young in Oslo 2015’ survey (N = 6121; 79% response rate; ages 13–18). Three questions were combined into a measure of family sport culture in the present study: the importance of sport in the family, parents’ training habits, and whether parents would like their children to participate in sports. We observed a clear positive relationship between family sport culture and participation in club-organised sports. Except for a slightly weakened relationship with age among girls, the relationship was equally strong in all age groups. We suggest that the overall continuity in the relevance of family sport culture for young people’s sport participation reflects a prolonged socialisation effect that we utilise Bourdieu’s theory of habitus to understand.
  • “Dad! Let's go have a hit…”: Sources and types of support in female cricket players, opens in a new tab, John Warmenhoven, Juanita R. Weissensteiner, Clare MacMahon, Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, Volume 23(10), pp.991-998, (October 2020). This research showed that: mothers and fathers were primary givers of financial and emotional support (>70% for both parents across the entire cohort); mentors offered meaningful sport specific informational and technical (or coaching related) support; and siblings and peers played integral roles, acting as fellow participants for practice and play. Access to coaching also emerged as a dominant point of difference between community and elite cricket players consistently across all support providers. The father emerged as a dominant provider of support for elite players across five different dimensions of support.
  • Relationship between mothers’ enjoyment and sedentary behavior and physical activity of mother–child dyads using a movement-to-music video program: a secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial, opens in a new tab. Tuominen PPA, Raitanen J, Husu P, et.al., BMC Public Health, Volume 20(1), (November 2020). Parental support and participation in physical activity (PA) with children and parents’ acting as a role model for less sedentary behaviors (SB) are critical factors for children’s healthier lifestyle. The purpose of the study was to assess the relationship between mothers’ enjoyment and participants’ sedentary behavior (SB) and physical activity (PA) as a secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial (RCT) using data from Moving Sound RCT in the Pirkanmaa area of Finland.
  • Where are the Moms? Strategies to Recruit Female Youth-Sport Coaches, opens in a new tab. Keidrich K. Strategies, Volume 33(5), pp.12-17, (Sep/Oct 2020). There are numerous benefits to sport participation among children and adolescents and coaches play a significant role in getting youth, especially girls, involved in sports and continuing participation in sports. Despite the advances of girls and women in sport participation since Title IX, the majority of youth sport coaches are men. Female coaches can be important role models for all youth in sport. The purpose of this article is to describe the benefits of having female coaches and potential strategies to encourage more women to coach.
  • Parent-Child association in physical activity and sedentary behaviour, opens in a new tab, Didier Garriguet, Rachel Colley, Tracey Bushni, Statistics Canada, Catalogue no. 82-003-X, Health Reports, Volume 28(6), pp.3-11, (June 2017). This analysis examines associations between parental role modelling and support and children’s physical activity and sedentary behaviour. The sample consists of 1,328 biological parent-child pairs from the first three cycles of the Canadian Health Measures Survey (2007 through 2013). Data on physical activity and sedentary behaviour were collected using a questionnaire and by accelerometer. Pearson correlation and linear regression analyses were completed to examine associations between parents’ and children’s measured physical activity and sedentary time and reported screen-based activities. Analyses were adjusted for variables indicating parental support and household lifestyle characteristics. Accelerometer-measured physical activity and sedentary time were correlated in all parent-child pairs. Parents’ measured moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) was associated with children’s MVPA. For every 20-minute increase in a parent’s MVPA, the child’s MVPA increased by 5 to 10 minutes. Parents’ measured sedentary time was associated with that of their daughters on weekends, and with that of their sons during the after-school period. Parents’ reported screen time was associated with that of their daughters. This study confirms parents’ influence on their children’s physical activity. Parental role modeling and support have independent effects on a child’s level of physical activity.
  • Role models of Australian female adolescents: A longitudinal study to inform programmes designed to increase physical activity and sport participation,, opens in a new tab Young, J. et. al., European Physical Education Review, Volume 21(4), pp.451-466, (November 2015). This study examined role models of adolescent girls and their influence on physical activity by surveying 732 girls in Years 7 and 11 from metropolitan and non-metropolitan regions of Victoria, Australia. Survey questions included whether they had a role model and if they did, the gender, age, type and sporting background of that individual. Survey found the majority of participants nominated a family member, peer or celebrity sportsperson as their role model who was female, played sport and was less than 50 years of age. Non-metropolitan-based adolescent girls, and Year 11 adolescent girls, were more likely to select a role model who they knew played sport than metropolitan-based adolescent girls and Year 7 girls respectively. This study highlighted that family members, peers and sports people should be included as role models in programmes designed to increase physical activity.
  • Student responses to physically literate adult role models, opens in a new tab, G. Conlin, Science & Sports, Volume 29, Supplement, p.S17, (October 2014). The objective of this study was to identify who adolescents recognize as a physically active adult role model that might provide the motivation and added confidence needed to become physically literate themselves. Parents, family members, friends, coaches and physical education teachers were identified as active role models. There were fewer instances of coaches and physical education teachers as active role models than the others during all three phases. There were more instances of physical education teachers as an active role model after the active phase than the spectator phase or at baseline.
  • The inspirational function of role models for sport participation and development, opens in a new tab. De Croock S, De Bosscher V, van Bottenburg M, European Association of Sport Management Congress 2012 Abstract Book, (2012). This research shows that only 10% of elite athletes have been inspired by other elite athletes in order to start with their current sport. Mostly they were encouraged by their parents (59%) and friends (28%) to practice their current sport.

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