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Equity

In sport, like many other industries, women are generally under-represented in leadership and governance positions.

While AusPlay data shows high participation at grassroots levels, other data suggests that women are not transitioning through the pathway to professional or high performance roles. This includes board appointments, executive leadership, high performance coaching and officiating roles, and media. While various reasons are suggested for why, it seems a series of social, cultural and sometimes procedural barriers remain. 1, 2, 146

Current State

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In 2024, approximately 38% of Australian sport and recreation administrators and 43% of team managers were women. 1

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In 2023, 22% of CEOs, across 65 Australian Sports Commission funded National Sporting Organisations were women. 2

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In 2023, 25% of Board Chairs across 65 Australian Sports Commission funded National Sporting Organisations were women. 2

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In 2024, approximately 36% of Australians who participated as a coach, instructor, trainer, or teacher in the sport and recreation sector were women [aged 15+]. 1

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In 2024, approximately 36% of Australians who participated as officials were women [aged 15+]. 1

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Approximately 19% of Australian accredited coaches at the Paris 2024 Olympic Games and 26% at the Paralympic Games were women. 149

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At the Paris 2024 Summer Games 56% of Australian Olympic athletes and 44% of Australian Paralympic athletes were female.4, 5

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At the Paris 2024 Summer Games 46% of Olympic medal events (152 out of 329) and 43% of Paralympic medal events (235 out of 549) were for female athletes.7, 148

Factors that Impact

REFERENCES
  1. AusPlay data portal: Non-playing roles, opens in a new tab, Australian Sports Commission, (accessed 22 May 2025).
  2. Data reported by National Sporting Organisations to the Australian Sports Commission, (accessed 24 April 2023).
  3. AIS targeting gender equality in coaching by 2032, opens in a new tab, Australian Sports Commission, (18 April 2023).
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  6. Gender equality and inclusion report 2021, opens in a new tab, International Olympic Committee, (2021).
  7. Record Number Of Delegations And Females To Compete At Paris 2024, opens in a new tab, Paralympics Australia, (24 August 2024).
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  27. Mandated gender equity targets in sport, opens in a new tab, Senator The Hon Katy Gallagher, Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet, (10 September 2024).
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  34. Women on Boards, opens in a new tab, Play by the Rules, (2015).
  35. A guide for action: To encourage women from culturally diverse backgrounds as leaders in sport, opens in a new tab, Victoria University, (2020).
  36. The Leading Edge: Good practices for creating gender-equitable boards in sport, opens in a new tab, Canadian Association for the Advancement of Women and Sport and Physical Activity, (2018).
  37. Change Our Game Recruitment and Retention Guidelines for Women in Sport and Recreation, opens in a new tab, State of Victoria, Department of Jobs, Precincts and Regions, (April 2019).
  38. Getting results on women in leadership: Employers must ditch what they think works and do what actually works, opens in a new tab, Diversity Council Australia, (27 February 2014).
  39. Women Leadership in Sport: research update, opens in a new tab, Werthner, P., E-Alliance, (2020).
  40. Women leaders in sport: a community of practice programme to create social learning, opens in a new tab, Clare Hanlon, Tracy Taylor, Managing Sport and Leisure, (17 March 2022).
  41. Women in Leadership in Scottish Sport, opens in a new tab, Ryan Brown, Dr Paula Murray, et al., Observatory for Sport in Scotland, (October 2021).
  42. Elite women coaches negotiating and resisting power in football, opens in a new tab, Annelies Knoppers, Donna de Haan, Leanne Norman, et al., Gender, Work & Organization, Volume 29(3), pp.880-896, (May 2022).
  43. “I'm a Referee, Not a Female Referee”: The Experiences of Women Involved in Football as Coaches and Referees, opens in a new tab, Scarlett Drury, Annette Stride, Hayley Fitzgerald, et al., Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, Volume 3, (January 2022).
  44. “No Tits in the Pits!”: An Exploratory Analysis of the Experiences of Female Decision Makers in Motorsports in the United States, opens in a new tab [thesis], Alexia Pedo Lopes, University of South Carolina, (2022).
  45. Exploring the Influence of the Community-Based Sports Club Environment on the Support and Development of Volunteer Women Coaches in Ireland, opens in a new tab, Irene Hogan, Richard Bowles, Niamh Kitching, Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, Volume 4, (March 2022).
  46. How the Perceived Effectiveness of a Female Coach is influenced by their Apparent Masculinity/Femininity,, opens in a new tab Paula Murraya, Rhiannon Lord, Ross Lorimer, The Sport Journal, Volume 41(2), (2020).
  47. Gendered Leadership Expectations in Sport: Constructing Differences in Coaches, opens in a new tab, Vicki Schull, Lisa Kihl, Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal, Volume 27(1), pp.1-11, (2019).
  48. Women Coaches Face Greater Professional and Personal Obstacles Than Men, opens in a new tab, Dr. Nicole LaVoi, Global Sport Matters, (9 November 2021).
  49. Women in Sport Coaching Research: Where do things stand in Ireland?, opens in a new tab Sport Ireland Coaching, (December 2020).
  50. Sexism in Collegiate Swim Coaching: Experiences of Coaches, opens in a new tab, Jessica Siegele, Robin Hardin, Elizabeth Taylor, et al., Athletic Director U, (2020).
  51. Gender order through social censure: an examination of social exclusion in sport coaching, opens in a new tab, Chris Zehntner, Jenny McMahon, Kerry McGannon, Sport, Education and Society, Volume 28(1), pp.105-116, (2023).
  52. “She is the Best Female Coach”: Female Swimming Coaches’ Experiences of Sexism, opens in a new tab, Jessica Siegele, Robin Hardin, Elizabeth Taylor, et al., Journal of Intercollegiate Sport, Volume 13(1), pp.93-118, (2020).
  53. ‘Why am I putting myself through this?’ Women football coaches’ experiences of the Football Association's coach education process, opens in a new tab, Lewis C, Roberts S, Andrews H, Sport, Education and Society, Volume 23(1), pp.28-39, (2018).
  54. The Experience of Former Women Officials and the Impact on the Sporting Community, opens in a new tab, Jacob Tingle, Stacy Warner, Melanie Sartore-Baldwin, Sex Roles, Volume 71(1-2), pp.7-20, (2014).
  55. Lack of female WNBL coaches 'reinforcing notion that coaching is for men', says pioneer Mills, opens in a new tab, SBS Sport, (1 April 2021).
  56. The Rally report: Encouraging action to improve sport for Women and Girls, opens in a new tab, Canadian Women & Sport, (June 2020).
  57. Women Coaches Research Series & Report Card, opens in a new tab, Tucker Centre for Research on Girls and Women in Sport, (accessed 13 April 2023).
  58. Women coaches: Creating a pathway for future generations, opens in a new tab, International Olympic Committee, (8 March 2023).
  59. Embedding female leaders in the heart of New Zealand sports, opens in a new tab, Suzanne McFadden, LockerRoom and stuff.co.nz, (27 August 2020).
  60. How female cricket coaches are blocked by the league of gentlemen, opens in a new tab, Raf Nicholson, The Guardian, (17 May 2019).
  61. Women rarely coached high-level footy when Michelle Cowan forged her path, but that has changed with the AFLW, opens in a new tab, Erin Delahunty, Siren Sport/ABC, (5 February 2022).
  62. A snapshot of coaches in women's sports in 2018/19, opens in a new tab, Level One, (2019).
  63. 'Little bit surprised': NRL appoints first female referee, opens in a new tab, Adam Pengilly, The Sydney Morning Herald, (15 July 2019).
  64. Kate Jacewicz says time will tell if she's a trailblazer despite A-League refereeing debut, opens in a new tab, Simon Smale, ABC News, (22 January 2020).
  65. 'Nothing will change': More is needed to boost Australian women's referee numbers, opens in a new tab, AAP/SBS, (20 September 2019).
  66. Two female referees to officiate same game for first time in NBA history, opens in a new tab, Chris Bengel, CBS Sports, (2015).
  67. WNBA announces officials for WNBA Playoffs 2021, opens in a new tab, NBA, (22 September 2021).
  68. WNBA Announces The Officials For The 2018 Playoffs, opens in a new tab, WNBA, (20 August 2018).
  69. World Triathlon strikes gender balance in technical officials for Paris 2024, opens in a new tab, Geoff Berkeley, Inside the Games, (13 March 2023).
  70. Changing the gender imbalance in Australian sports coaching, opens in a new tab, Steve Pallas, Sports Community, (accessed 18 April 2023).
  71. Women Are Largely Untapped Resource In Alleviating Youth Sports Referee Shortage, opens in a new tab, Bob Cook, Forbes, (16 June 2017).
  72. Debate over experience keeps door shut to female coaches seeking to enter men's sport, opens in a new tab, Kasey Symons, The Guardian, (10 November 2020).
  73. Good Organisational Practices: To encourage women as high-performance coaches, opens in a new tab, Victoria University, (2022).
  74. She'll Be ‘Right… but Are They? An Australian Perspective on Women in High Performance Sport Coaching, opens in a new tab, Alexandra Roberts, Anthea Clarke, Caitlin Fox-Harding, Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, Volume 4, (June 2022).
  75. Mapping and analysis of education schemes for coaches from a gender perspective, opens in a new tab, European Commission, (July 2017).
  76. Coaching and motherhood, opens in a new tab, Jennifer Burening, Marlene Dixon, Christianne Eason, Chapter 6 in Women in Sport Coaching, Nicole LaVoi (ed), Routledge, (2017).
  77. Pathway to Pay Equality: Elite women athletes, opens in a new tab, Champions of Change Sport, (February 2019).
  78. Prime Time: the case for commercial investment in women's sport, opens in a new tab, The Commission on the Future of Women's Sport [UK], (2015).
  79. NCAA External Gender Equity Review, opens in a new tab, Kaplan Hecker & Fink LLP, (2021).
  80. Female cyclists discouraged by lack of recognition as men in the same race awarded prize money, opens in a new tab, Chloe Hart, ABC News, (25 February 2021).
  81. When women surf the world’s biggest waves: breaking gender barriers, opens in a new tab, Anne Schmitt, Anaïs Bohuon, Sport in Society, Volume 25(6), pp.1924-1939, (2022).
  82. The Fiona Worts feel-good Maccas story highlights the unseen barriers facing A-League Women players, opens in a new tab, Samantha Lewis, ABC News, (15 February 2022).
  83. What women in sport really get paid, and which sports are leading the way, opens in a new tab [paywall], Emma Greenwood, Jamie Pandaram, Daily Telegraph, (1 March 2023).
  84. Women in sport are winning the fight for equal pay – slowly, opens in a new tab, Beth Clarkson, Alex Culvin, Ali Bowes, The Conversation, (30 November 2021).
  85. A balancing act: women players in a new semi-Professional team sport league, opens in a new tab, Tracy Taylor, Hunter Fujak, Clare Hanlon, et al., European Sport Management Quarterly, Volume 22(4), pp.527-547, (2022).
  86. How much do Australian sportswomen get paid?, opens in a new tab Danielle Warby, (18 February 2023).
  87. Rugby Australia, Super Rugby Clubs and Players finalise new CBA, opens in a new tab, Rugby Australia, (16 March 2023).
  88. Women players benefit most in Cricket Australia’s new $634m pay deal, opens in a new tab, Guardian sport/Australian Associated Press, (3 April 2023).
  89. AFLW players get 94% pay rise in new CBA, opens in a new tab, Ed Dixon, Sports Promedia, (20 May 2022).
  90. Suncorp Super Netball lands landmark pay deal, opens in a new tab, Netball Australia, (4 September 2021).
  91. Basketball Australia and WNBL players agree to first ever CBA, opens in a new tab, Basketball Australia, (17 November 2020).
  92. PFA and APL announce ground-breaking CBA to drive Professional Leagues, opens in a new tab, PFA, (9 September 2021).
  93. Prize money: Cricket makes progress towards gender parity, biggest gap in football, opens in a new tab, Katie Falkingham, Sonia Oxley, Anna Thompson, BBC Sport, (March 2021).
  94. Prize money for 2023 Women's World Cup to be raised to $US150 million as part of FIFA's three-step gender equality plan, opens in a new tab, ABC News, (17 March 2023).
  95. Long-awaited NCAA gender equity review recommends combined Final Four for men's, women's basketball at same site, opens in a new tab, Associated Press/ESPN, (4 August 2021).
  96. Second NCAA gender equity report shows more money spent on male athletes than female ones on average, opens in a new tab, Associated Press/ESPN, (27 October 2021).
  97. Signals versus noise: Gender equity in Canadian sport, opens in a new tab, SIRCuit, (22 April 2022).
  98. International Sports Press Surveys 2005 and 2011, opens in a new tab, Play the Game, (2011).
  99. Intergenerational Review of Australian Sport - 2017, Boston Consulting Group for the Australian Sports Commission, (2017).
  100. Women’s Sport: say yes to success, opens in a new tab, Women’s Sport and Fitness Foundation, (2014).
  101. Gender pay gap in sports, opens in a new tab, sportanddev.org, (17 September 2021).
  102. Disrupt Hers: Driving a new model for women's sport, opens in a new tab, Tucker Centre for Research on Girls & Women in Sport, (March 2022).
  103. Media Consumer Survey 2022: Australian media and entertainment consumption insights​, opens in a new tab, Deloitte, (October 2022).
  104. WINS: Women in Sport, opens in a new tab, Dinsdale S, White K, de Vries A, et al., Accenture, co-sponsored by Cricket Australia and Australian Rugby Union, (2017).
  105. New research shows British public support athletes speaking out and driving social change, opens in a new tab, UK Sport, (8 March 2023).
  106. Closing the Visibility Gap, opens in a new tab, Women's Sport Trust, (April 2021).
  107. Kids across Australia need more female sport role models, opens in a new tab, Commonwealth Bank, (21 January 2018).
  108. The Business Case for Women’s Football, opens in a new tab, UEFA, (August 2022).
  109. New study uncovers the top performing sponsorships in Australian sport, opens in a new tab, Josh Loh, Marketing Mag, (28 November 2018).
  110. Sports Media and Gender: 1 January to 31 December 2021, opens in a new tab, isentia/Sport New Zealand, (July 2022).
  111. Representations of gender in media coverage of the Tokyo 2020 Paralympic Games, opens in a new tab, Toni Bruce, Olympic Analysis, (2021).
  112. By the numbers, opens in a new tab, Siren: a women in sport collective, (14 April 2020).
  113. Where are all the Women? Shining a light on the visibility of women’s sport in the media, opens in a new tab, European Union, (October 2018).
  114. Media Framing of Women’s Football During the COVID-19 Pandemic, opens in a new tab, Keith Parry, Beth Clarkson, Ali Bowes, et al., Communication & Sport, (8 December 2021).
  115. A New Age for Media Coverage of Women’s Sport? An Analysis of English Media Coverage of the 2015 FIFA Women’s World Cup, opens in a new tab, Kate Petty, Stacey Pope, Sociology, Volume 53(3), (October 2018).
  116. 2021 Women for Media Report: ‘Take the Next Steps’, opens in a new tab, Jenna Price, Blair Williams, Women's Leadership Institute Australia, (November 2021).
  117. An evaluation of participation levels and media representation of girls and women in sport and physical activity in Scotland, opens in a new tab, Yvonne Laird, Jillian Manner, Audrey Buelo, et al., The Scottish Collaboration for Public Health Research and Policy, University of Edinburgh for the Scottish Women and Girls in Sport Advisory Board, (2019).
  118. Women’s sport: less talk more action, opens in a new tab, Professor Toni Bruce, University of Auckland, (9 March 2018).
  119. IOC Young Reporters: Spreading the word for gender equality, opens in a new tab, International Olympic Committee, (7 May 2020).
  120. Fighting for a better shot: framing women in sport, opens in a new tab, Felicity Smith, Siren, (19 October 2021).
  121. Exploring sports gender equality in the media, opens in a new tab, Ipsos MORI for the International Tennis Federation, (April 2021).
  122. Analysis from a gender perspective of the Olympic Games on Twitter, opens in a new tab, Alba Adá-Lameiras, Yolanda Rodríguez-Castro, European Sport Management Quarterly, (13 April 2021).
  123. Jocks versus jockettes: An analysis of the visual portrayal of male and female cover models on sports magazines, opens in a new tab, Ben Wasike. Journalism, Volume 21(10), pp.1432-1449, (October 2020).
  124. Twitter, Team GB and the Australian Olympic Team: representations of gender in social media spaces, opens in a new tab, Chelsea Litchfield, Emma Kavanagh, Sport in Society, Volume 22(7), pp.1148-1164, (2018).
  125. Aesthetics or athletics?, opens in a new tab Cambridge University Press, (1 August 2016).
  126. Women’s sport is on the way up – but more needs to be done to secure its future, opens in a new tab, Keith Parry, Beth Clarkson, Rafaelle Nicholson, The Conversation, (4 December 2021).
  127. A fascinating experiment in how sexism, and racism, affects the way we watch sport, opens in a new tab, Liam Mannix, Sydney Morning Herald, (9 November 2021).
  128. “It’s Dude Time!” A quarter century of excluding women’s sports in televised news and highlight shows, opens in a new tab, Cooky C, Messner M, Musto M, Communication and Sport, Volume 3(3), pp.261-287, (2015).
  129. Walking the Walk: Gender-bland Sexism, the Fan Experience and Perceptions of Value in Professional Women's Cricket, opens in a new tab, Keith Parry, Jessica Richards, Jo Batey, et al., in 'The Professionalisation of Women’s Sport', Bowes, A., Culvin, A. (eds.), Emerald Publishing, pp.211-277, (2021).
  130. “From Fizzle to Sizzle!” Televised Sports News and the Production of Gender-Bland Sexism, opens in a new tab, Michela Musto, Cheryl Cooky, Michael Messner, Gender & Society, Volume 31(5), (2017).
  131. Portrayal guidelines: gender-equal, fair and inclusive representation in sport, opens in a new tab (2021 edition), International Olympic Committee, (July 2021).
  132. FIBA Portrayal Guidelines: Gender equal and inclusive representation in basketball, opens in a new tab, FIBA, (March 2023).
  133. Women in sport and recreation communication and marketing strategies, opens in a new tab, Change Our Game developed in conjunction with Victorian Equal Opportunity and Human Rights Commission and Victorian State Government, (2019).
  134. Sugar and spice, fire and ice: the changing dynamics of women’s cricket and social media, opens in a new tab, Mrinal Asija, Siren, (22 November 2022).
  135. ‘You feel a need to inspire and be active on these sites otherwise...people won’t remember your name’: Elite female athletes and the need to maintain ‘appropriate distance’ in navigating online gendered space, opens in a new tab, Molly Pocock, Michael Skey, New Media & Society, (27 January 2022).
  136. Social media and women’s sport: What have we learned so far, opens in a new tab, Ann Pegoraro, Katie Lebel, Alanna Harman, Chapter 35 in 'Routledge Handbook of the Business of Women's Sport', Nancy Lough, Andrea Geurin (eds.), Routledge, (2019).
  137. Sporting Women and Social Media: Sexualization, Misogyny, and Gender-Based Violence in Online Spaces, opens in a new tab, Emma Kavanagh, Chelsea Litchfield, Jaquelyn Osborne, International Journal of Sport Communication, Volume 12(4), pp.552-572, (2019).
  138. World Athletics publishes Online Abuse Study covering Tokyo Olympic Games, opens in a new tab, World Athletics, (25 November 2021).
  139. Snapshot analysis: social media commentary of sportswomen and men, opens in a new tab, PLAN International, (April 2019).
  140. Pathway to Gender Equality in Sport 2021–2022 Progress Report, opens in a new tab, Champions of Change - Sport, (June 2023).
  141. Insights & Impact Report: Edition 2, opens in a new tab, AFL Players Association, (June 2023).
  142. Holding up a mirror to cricket, opens in a new tab, The Independent Commission for Equity in Cricket (ICEC), (June 2023).
  143. ECB responds to ICEC report on equity in cricket, which finds evidence of discrimination across the game, opens in a new tab, England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB), (26 June 2023).
  144. State of Play Survey 2022-23, opens in a new tab, Change our Game, Victorian Government, (June 2023).
  145. The volunteer capacity of community sports clubs to support women and girls in sport, opens in a new tab, Change Our Game, (2023).
  146. Women in High Performance Coaching: Fixing the leaky pipeline action plan, opens in a new tab, Michelle De Highden, Patrick Sharry, David Joyce, Pip Taylor, Australian Sports Commission, (November 2023).
  147. Shaping attitudes: Exposure to women coaches and officials influences children and parent perceptions, opens in a new tab, Victoria University for Change our Game, (April 2024).
  148. Paris 2024 sets milestone as first Olympics to achieve full gender parity, opens in a new tab, Ashlee Buhler, NBC, (1 July 2024).
  149. Data reported to the Australian Sports Commission, (accessed 14 November 2024).

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