Side effects of oral contraception
The challenge
…mood changes are among the most common perceived side effects of [hormonal contraception] and … many patients feel like they were not adequately counseled about the possibility of psychological side effects. (Martell et al. 2023)
What we know
The birth control pill (often just called ‘the pill’) is the most common type of contraception in Australia. Up to 80% of women use it at some stage in their lives and around 40% of high school girls say they’ve used it. Some girls start taking the pill as young as 12, when their periods start. Many women keep using it for decades.
The pill isn’t only used to prevent pregnancy – doctors may also prescribe it to help with heavy or painful periods, premenstrual syndrome (PMS), endometriosis, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) or acne.
The hormones in the pill (oestrogen and/or progestogen) stop eggs being released from the ovaries. Side effects can include weight gain, bloating, tender breasts, headache and nausea. Rare risks include blood clots, heart attack or stroke.
The hormones can also affect mood, sometimes causing irritability, mood swings, strong emotions, anxiety or depression. This is more likely in teenagers or people with a history of mental health issues. Mood changes can also affect sleep, relationships, motivation and energy, which might make it harder to enjoy or participate in sport.
Insights for coaches and officials
You might know that someone is using the pill (only if they tell you – you shouldn’t ask). If you notice change in their mood, energy or wellbeing, it’s best to refer them to their doctor. Other ways you can help include:
- Coaches – remember lots of girls and women use the pill and it may affect their usual mood. Keep on top of new information and emphasise the importance of ongoing education about side effects and impacts.
- Officials – Create supportive and welcoming environments that are flexible to the changing needs of women and girls.
More resources
Source articles: Contraception Selection, Effectiveness, and Adverse Effects: A Review | Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology | JAMA | JAMA Network, opens in a new tab
Facts and figures: https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/the-pill-combined-oral-contraceptive-pill#:~:text=Key%20facts,they%20are%20cheaper%20to%20buy, opens in a new tab.