Evidence and resources
Australian Sports Commission is determined to have more Australians participating and excelling in sport, from grass-roots right up to the pinnacle of elite competition.
Support the learning and development of inclusive and diverse practices within your sporting community.
Browse the evidence and resources below and familiarise yourself with some of the research driving diversity and inclusion in sport.
A variety of tools, templates and ready made posters/social media tiles have also been provided to help you promote inclusion and diversity at your organisation/club.
Research
Research, templates and resources that encourage greater diversity and inclusion.
Resources
Resources provide useful tips and advice on appropriate and respectful language and behaviours and actions.
Examples
Real-world examples support sports and clubs to better understand inclusion in diversity in sport.
Glossary of terms
Ableism – is the discrimination or prejudice against people with disability. Ableism can take the form of ideas and assumptions, stereotypes, attitudes and practices, physical barriers in the environment, or larger scale oppression.
Culturally and Linguistically Diverse (CALD) – the terms ‘culturally and linguistically diverse’ (CALD) and ‘non-English speaking background’ (NESB) are both commonly used to refer to all of Australia’s population who do not identify as Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander Peoples, or the English-speaking Anglo-Saxon majority.
Culture (organisational) – can be described as the ‘personality’ of an organisation or ‘the way we do things around here’. It guides how a club or association operates, and in turn, how its members normally behave.
Disability – a disability can generally be defined as a condition which may restrict a person’s mental, sensory or mobility functions to undertake or perform a task in the same way as a person who does not have a disability.
Direct and indirect discrimination – direct discrimination occurs if a person treats someone unfavourably because of a personal characteristic protected by law (such as race, gender, disability). Indirect discrimination occurs where a requirement, condition or practice is imposed that, on the face of it applies equally to all, but in practice can only be met by certain advantaged people.
Diversity – the outcome of conscious inclusion. It is recognising, respecting and valuing individual differences that intersect and form who they are.
Equality – everyone has equal opportunities, especially in relation to status and rights.
Equity – everyone has fair access to opportunities based on their individual needs.
Inclusion – proactive and intentional behaviours that create an environment where people feel a sense of belonging.
LGBTQI+ – stands for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, intersex, and other identities.
Member Protection Policy (MPP) – a MPP is designed to protect members, including players/participants, administrators, coaches and officials, from discrimination, harassment and inappropriate behaviour and outlines how complaints are dealt with.
Member Protection Information Officer (MPIO) – a MPIO is the person responsible at a club, association or sport for providing information and options to a person making a complaint or raising a concern, as well as support during the process.
Reconciliation Action Plan (RAP) – a framework or business plan that documents what an organisation commits to do to contribute to reconciliation in Australia.
References
- Arkell, J. (2018). Tips for Inclusive Programs for Persons with Disabilities, opens in a new tab
- Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2016). Cultural diversity in Australia: Census article, 2016. 2071.0., opens in a new tab
- Block, K., & Gibbs, L. (2017). Promoting social inclusion through sport for refugee-background youth in Australia: Analysing different participation models, opens in a new tab. Social Inclusion, 5(2), 91-100.
- Borschmann, K., Moore, K., Russell, M., Ledgerwood, K., Renehan, E., Lin, X., Brown, C., & Sison, J. (2010). Overcoming barriers to physical activity among culturally and linguistically diverse older adults: a randomised controlled trial, opens in a new tab. Australasian Journal On Ageing, 29(2), 77-80.
- Caperchione, C. M., Chau, S., Walker, G. J., Mummery, W. K., & Jennings, C. (2013). Gender Associated Perceptions of Barriers and Motivators to Physical Activity Participation in South Asian Punjabis Living in Western Canada, opens in a new tab. Journal Of Physical Activity & Health, 12(5), 686-93.
- Collins, M. F., Kay, T., & Collins, M. (2014). Sport and Social Exclusion: Second edition (2nd ed.). London: Routledge.
- Cunningham, G. B. (2019). Diversity and Inclusion in Sport Organizations: A Multilevel Perspective (4th ed.). London: Routledge.
- Denison, E., Bevan, N., & Jeanes, R. (2020). Reviewing evidence of LGBTQ+ discrimination and exclusion in sport, opens in a new tab. Sport Management Review
- Denison, E., & Kitchen, A. (2015). Out on the Fields: The first international study on homophobia in sport, opens in a new tab.
- Dockery, A. M., & Gorman, S. (2017). After the siren: The community benefits of Indigenous participation in Australian Rules Football, opens in a new tab.
- Dollman, J., & Lewis, N. R. (2010). The impact of socioeconomic position on sport participation among South Australian youth, opens in a new tab. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 13(3), 318-322.
- Edwards, K. (2009). Traditional games of a timeless land: Play cultures in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities, opens in a new tab. Journal of Australian Aboriginal Studies(2), 32-43.
- Elling, A., & Knoppers, A. (2005). Sport, gender and ethnicity: Practises of symbolic inclusion/exclusion, opens in a new tab. Journal of youth and adolescence, 34(3), 257-268.
- Gorman, S. (2018). Promoting cultural harmony through Indigenous inclusion, opens in a new tab. Paper presented at the Diversity and Inclusion in Sport Forum: What includes and what excludes people in sport, Melbourne Park Fucntion Centre.
- Holt, N. L., Kingsley, B. C., Tink, L. N., & Scherer, J. (2011). Benefits and challenges associated with sport participation by children and parents from low-income families, opens in a new tab. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 12(5), 490-499.
- Jeanes, R., & Magee, J. (2012). ‘Can we play on the swings and roundabouts?’: creating inclusive play spaces for disabled young people and their families, opens in a new tab. Leisure Studies, 31(2), 193-210.
- Jeanes, R., Spaaij, R., Magee, J., Farquharson, K., Gorman, S., & Lusher, D. (2019). Developing participation opportunities for young people with disabilities? Policy enactment and social inclusion in Australian junior sport, opens in a new tab. Sport in Society (formerly Culture, Sport, Society), 22(6), 986-1004.
- Kiuppis, F. (2018). Inclusion in sport: disability and participation, opens in a new tab. Sport in Society, 21(1), 4-21.
- Marmot, M., & Allen, J. (2020). COVID-19: exposing and amplifying inequalities, opens in a new tab. Journal of Epidemiol Community Health, 74(9), 681-682.
- May, C. (2021) Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples and Sport. Clearinghouse for Sport
- May, T., Dudley, A., Charles, J., Kennedy, K., Mantilla, A., McGillivray, J., Wheeler, K., Elston, H., & Rinehart, N. J. (2020). Barriers and facilitators of sport and physical activity for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children and adolescents: a mixed studies systematic review, opens in a new tab. BMC Public Health, 20(1), 601.
- Péloquin, C., Doering, T., Alley, S., & Rebar, A. (2017). The facilitators and barriers of physical activity among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander regional sport participants, opens in a new tab. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 41(5), 474-479.
- Sawrikar, P., & Muir, K. (2010). The myth of a ‘fair go’: Barriers to sport and recreational participation among Indian and other ethnic minority women in Australia, opens in a new tab. Sport Management Review, 13(4), 355-367.
- Spaaij, R., Farquharson, K., Gorman, S., Jeanes, R., Lusher, D., Guerra, C., White, S., & Ablett, E. (2018). Participation versus performance: Managing (dis)ability, gender and cultural diversity in junior sport, opens in a new tab.
- Spaaij, R., Farquharson, K., & Marjoribanks, T. (2015). Sport and Social Inequalities, opens in a new tab. Sociology Compass, 9(5), 400-411.
- Spaaij, R., Magee, J., & Jeanes, R. (2014). Sport and Social Exclusion in Global Society. London: Routledge.
- Storr, R. (2020). “The poor cousin of inclusion”: Australian Sporting Organisations and LGBT+ diversity and inclusion, opens in a new tab. Sport Management Review.
- Storr, R., Jeanes, R., & Rossi, T. (2021). Are we there yet? (Illusions of) Inclusion in sport for LGBT+ communities in Australia, opens in a new tab. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 0, 1-20.
- Stronach, M., Maxwell, H., & Taylor, T. (2016). ‘Sistas’ and Aunties: sport, physical activity, and Indigenous Australian women, opens in a new tab. Annals of Leisure Research, 19(1), 7-26.
- Super, S., Hermens, N., Verkooijen, K., & Koelen, M. (2018). Examining the relationship between sports participation and youth developmental outcomes for socially vulnerable youth, opens in a new tab. BMC Public Health, 18(1), 1012.
- Symons, C. M., O’Sullivan, G. A., & Polman, R. (2017). The impacts of discriminatory experiences on lesbian, gay and bisexual people in sport, opens in a new tab. Annals of Leisure Research, 20(4), 467-489.
- World Health Organisation. (n.d.). Disability, opens in a new tab.
- Factors influencing participation, Clearinghouse for Sport
- Tips for including women and girls in sport, Inclusive Sport Design, opens in a new tab
- Women and Girls in Sport, Active Recreation & Physical Activity A Participation Review, opens in a new tab